How long will human impacts last? - David Biello

813,117 views ใƒป 2017-12-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
Imagine aliens land on the planet a million years from now
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ื—ืชื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื
00:10
and look into the geologic record.
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ื•ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืขื•ื“ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
00:13
What will these curious searchers find of us?
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ืžื” ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืกืงืจื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื’ืœื• ืขืœื™ื ื•?
00:17
They will find what geologists, scientists, and other experts
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ื”ื ื™ื’ืœื• ืžื” ืฉื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
00:21
are increasingly calling the Anthropocene,
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืงืŸ,
00:24
or new age of mankind.
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ืื• ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
00:27
The impacts that we humans make have become so pervasive,
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช,
00:31
profound,
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
00:32
and permanent
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ื•ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
00:33
that some geologists argue we merit our own epoch.
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ืฉื›ืžื” ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืžืฉืœื ื•.
00:38
That would be a new unit in the geologic time scale
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ื–ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืœื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™
00:42
that stretches back more than 4.5 billion years,
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ืฉืžืชืคืจืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 4.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื,
00:46
or ever since the Earth took shape.
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ืื• ืžืื– ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื•.
00:49
Modern humans may be on par with the glaciers behind various ice ages
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืœืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืขื™ื“ื ื™ ืงืจื— ืฉื•ื ื™ื
00:54
or the asteroid that doomed most of the dinosaurs.
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ืื• ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืฉื—ืจืฅ ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื.
00:59
What is an epoch?
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ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื“ืŸ?
01:01
Most simply, it's a unit of geologic time.
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ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ื–ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
01:04
There's the Pleistocene,
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืŸ,
01:05
an icy epoch that saw the evolution of modern humans.
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ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืคื•ื ืฉืจืื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™,
01:09
Or there's the Eocene, more than 34 million years ago,
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ืื• ืืช ื”ืืื•ืงืŸ, ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 34 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื,
01:13
a hothouse time during which
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ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื ืฉื‘ื•
01:15
the continents drifted into their present configuration.
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ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืจื—ืงื• ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
01:19
Changes in climate or fossils found in the rock record
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ืื• ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื
01:22
help distinguish these epochs and help geologists tell deep time.
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ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ื“ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง.
01:28
So what will be the record of modern people's impact on the planet?
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ืื– ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืขื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”?
01:33
It doesn't rely on the things that may seem most obvious to us today,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืœื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:37
like sprawling cities.
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ื›ืžื• ืขืจื™ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืœืคืจื‘ืจื™ื.
01:39
Even New York or Shanghai may prove hard to find
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ืื• ืฉื ื’ื—ืื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืžืฆื™ืื”
01:42
buried in the rocks a million years from now.
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ืงื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกืœืข ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
01:45
But humans have put new things into the world
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื
01:48
that never existed on Earth before,
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ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ,
01:51
like plutonium
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ื›ืžื• ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ื
01:52
and plastics.
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ื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง.
01:54
In fact, the geologists known as stratigraphers
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื’ืจืคื™ื
01:57
who determine the geologic timescale,
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ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
01:59
have proposed a start date for the Anthropocene around 1950.
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ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืœืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืงืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1950.
02:04
That's when people started blowing up nuclear bombs all around the world
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ืื– ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืคื•ืฆืฆื• ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืื˜ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
02:09
and scattering novel elements to the winds.
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ื•ืคื™ื–ืจื• ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—.
02:12
Those elements will last in the rock record,
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ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ ื”ืกืœืข,
02:15
even in our bones and teeth for millions of years.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
02:18
And in just 50 years, we've made enough plastic,
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ื•ืชื•ืš 50 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง,
02:21
at least 8 billion metric tons,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช 8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืงื‘,
02:24
to cover the whole world in a thin film.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื“ืงื”.
02:28
People's farming, fishing, and forestry will also show up as a before and after
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ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ื”ื“ื™ื™ื’ ื•ื”ื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื ื™ืจืื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืœืคื ื™ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™
02:34
in any such strata
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื›ื–ื•
02:35
because it's those kinds of activities
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืœื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ืช
02:37
that are causing unique species of plants and animals to die out.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ื—ื“.
02:43
This die-off started perhaps more than 40,000 years ago
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ื”ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 40,000 ืฉื ื”
02:47
as humanity spread out of Africa
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ื›ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืคืจืฉื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”
02:49
and reached places like Australia,
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
02:52
kicking off the disappearance of big, likable, and edible animals.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ืขืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื ื—ืžื“ื•ืช ื•ืื›ื™ืœื•ืช.
02:58
This is true of Europe and Asia, think woolly mammoth,
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืืกื™ื”, ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืขื™ืจื”,
03:01
as well as North and South America, too.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
03:04
For a species that has only roamed
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ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื•
03:06
the planet for a few hundred thousand years,
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
03:08
Homo sapiens has had a big impact on the future fossil record.
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ืœื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ื ืก ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ืชืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
03:13
That also means that even if people were to disappear tomorrow,
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืขืœืžื™ื ืžื—ืจ,
03:17
evolution would be driven by our choices to date.
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ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:21
We're making a new homogenous world of certain favored plants and animals,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื,
03:27
like corn and rats.
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ื›ืžื• ืชื™ืจืก ื•ืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื.
03:29
But it's a world that's not as resilient as the one it replaces.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขืžื™ื“ ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ.
03:33
As the fossil record shows,
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ืชืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืจืื”,
03:35
it's a diversity of plants and animals
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ืฉื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช
03:37
that allows unique pairings of flora and fauna
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ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช
03:40
to respond to environmental challenges, and even thrive after an apocalypse.
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ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ืื—ืจื™ ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกื”.
03:46
That goes for people, too.
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
03:48
If the microscopic plants of the ocean suffer
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ืื ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื
03:51
as a result of too much carbon dioxide, say,
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
03:53
we'll lose the source of as much as half of the oxygen we need to breathe.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื.
03:59
Then there's the smudge in future rocks.
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš ืขืœ ืกืœืขื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื.
04:04
People's penchant for burning coal, oil, and natural gas
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ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื, ื ืคื˜ ื•ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™
04:07
has spread tiny bits of soot all over the planet.
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ืคื™ื–ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืคืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
04:12
That smudge corresponds with a meteoric rise
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ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื”ื–ื” ืชื•ืื ืœืขืœื™ื” ืžื˜ืื•ืจื™ืช
04:15
in the amount of carbon dioxide in the air,
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ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ,
04:18
now beyond 400 parts per million,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœ 400 ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ,
04:21
or higher than any other Homo sapiens has ever breathed.
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ืื• ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื•ืžื• ืกื™ื™ืคื™ืื ืก ืื™ ืคืขื ื ืฉื.
04:26
Similar soot can still be found in ancient rocks
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ื–ืคืช ื“ื•ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืžืฆื ื‘ืกืœืขื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื
04:29
from volcanic fires of 66 million years ago,
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ืžืืฉ ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ืช ืžืœืคื ื™ 66 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”,
04:34
a record of the cataclysm touched off by an asteroid
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ืชืขื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืืกื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืชื—ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“
04:37
at the end of the late Cretaceous epoch.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืจื˜ื™ืงื•ืŸ.
04:40
So odds are our soot will still be here 66 million years from now,
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ืื– ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฉื”ื–ืคืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ืคื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ 66 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
04:45
easy enough to find for any aliens who care to look.
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ืงืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžืฆื™ืื” ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจ ืฉืื›ืคืช ืœื• ืœื—ืคืฉ.
04:49
Of course, there's an important difference between us and an asteroid.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“.
04:54
A space rock has no choice but to follow gravity.
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ืœืกืœืข ื—ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืืœื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
04:57
We can choose to do differently.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื—ืจืช.
04:59
And if we do, there might still be some kind of human civilization thousands
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ื•ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืš, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืชื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“
05:04
or even millions of years from now.
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ืืœืคื™ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื•ื.
05:07
Not a bad record to hope for.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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