Why can't you put metal in a microwave? - Aaron Slepkov

1,251,443 views ใƒป 2024-02-15

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
American engineer Percy Spencer developed World War II RADAR technology
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ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืคืจืกื™ ืกืคื ืกืจ ืคื™ืชื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื›โ€œืž ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”
00:12
that helped detect Nazi airplanesโ€”
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ืฉืขื–ืจื” ืœืืชืจ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื ืืฆื™ื™ื -
00:15
but it would soon have other surprising applications.
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ืืš ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:19
One day in 1945, Spencer was standing near a RADAR instrument
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1945 ืขืžื“ ืกืคื ืกืจ ืœื™ื“ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžื›โ€œืž
00:24
called a magnetron,
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื’ื ื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
00:25
a device that produced high-intensity microwaves that could reflect off planes.
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ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจ ื’ืœื™ ืžื™ืงืจื• ื‘ืขืฆื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืงืฃ ืžืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื.
00:31
Suddenly, he noticed that the candy bar in his pocket had melted.
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ืœืคืชืข ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืžืžืชืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืกื• ื ืžืก.
00:36
He exposed other things to the magnetron and, sure enough,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืžื’ื ื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
00:39
popcorn kernels popped,
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ืฉื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืคื•ืคืงื•ืจืŸ ืงืคืฆื•,
00:41
and an eggโ€”wellโ€” exploded onto a colleague.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื” ืขืœ ืขืžื™ืช.
00:45
Soon after, the first microwave oven became available,
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ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืชื ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืคืš ื–ืžื™ืŸ,
00:48
operating using the very same technology.
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ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
00:52
So, how does it work?
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ืื–, ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“?
00:54
All light energy travels in waves of oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
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ื›ืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื ืขื” ื‘ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืจื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื.
01:00
These oscillations span a range of frequencies
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ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืฉืชืจืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืชื“ืจื™ื
01:03
comprising the electromagnetic spectrum.
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ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™.
01:06
The higher the frequency, the more energetic.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืชื“ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:09
Gamma rays and X-rays have the highest frequencies;
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ืงืจื ื™ ื’ืžื ื•ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชื“ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ;
01:13
microwaves and radio waves, the lowest.
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ื’ืœื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ ื•ื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื•, ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:16
Generally, lightโ€™s oscillating electric field exerts forces on charged particles,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื”ืจื•ื˜ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื,
01:21
like the electrons in a molecule.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”.
01:23
When light encounters polar molecules, like water,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืจ ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื,
01:27
it can make them rotate,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘,
01:29
as their positive and negative regions are pushed and pulled in different directions.
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ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:34
The frequency the light is traveling at
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ื”ืชื“ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืื•ืจ ื ืข
01:36
also determines how it interacts with matter.
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ื’ื ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ.
01:40
Microwaves interact strongly with the water molecules found in most foods.
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœื™ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื—ื–ืง ืขื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช.
01:44
Essentially, they make the molecules jostle against each other,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ืง ื–ื• ื ื’ื“ ื–ื•,
01:48
creating frictional heat.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ื ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš.
01:51
Household microwave ovens are fitted with cavity magnetrons.
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ืชื ื•ืจื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ ื‘ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
01:56
When you activate a microwave oven,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืชื ื•ืจ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ,
01:58
a heated element within the magnetron ejects electrons,
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ืืœืžื ื˜ ืžื—ื•ืžื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื˜ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื,
02:02
and a strong magnet forces them to spiral outwards.
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ื•ืžื’ื ื˜ ื—ื–ืง ืžืืœืฅ ืื•ืชื ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
02:06
As they pass over the magnetronโ€™s metallic cavities,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ื—ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
02:09
the electrons induce an oscillating charge,
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ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืจื•ื˜ื˜,
02:12
generating a continuous stream of electromagnetic microwaves.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื–ืจื ืจืฆื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
02:17
A metal pipe directs the microwaves into the main food compartment,
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ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืžืชื›ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ ืœืชื ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™,
02:21
where they bounce off the metal walls
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ืฉื ื”ื ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ืžืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช
02:23
and penetrate a few centimeters into the food inside.
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ื•ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ื›ืžื” ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
02:28
When the microwaves encounter polar molecules in the food, like water,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœื™ื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื,
02:32
they make them vibrate at high frequencies.
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ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืŸ ืœืจื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ืชื“ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.
02:36
This can have interesting effects depending on the food's composition.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
02:41
Oil and sugar absorb fewer microwaves than water,
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ืฉืžืŸ ื•ืกื•ื›ืจ ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ืžื™ื,
02:45
so if you microwave them alone, not much happens.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืืชื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ ืœื‘ื“, ืœื ืงื•ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื”.
02:49
But when microwaves encounter a marshmallow,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœื™ื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืžืจืฉืžืœื•,
02:52
they heat the moisture trapped within its gelatin-sugar matrix,
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ื”ื ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื•ืื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื˜ืจื™ืฆืช ื”ื’โ€™ืœื˜ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื›ืจ ืฉืœื•,
02:56
making the hot air expand and the marshmallow puff.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื—ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ืœืžืจืฉืžืœื• ืœื”ืชื ืคื—.
03:00
Butter is essentially a suspension of water droplets in fat.
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ื—ืžืื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืฉืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืžืŸ.
03:05
When microwaved, the water rapidly vaporizes,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ, ื”ืžื™ื ืžืชืื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
03:08
making the butter melt quicklyโ€” and sometimes, a bit violently.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื—ืžืื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ืกืก ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช - ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
03:13
So microwaves heat food molecules mechanically, through frictionโ€”
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ืื– ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœื™ื ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ื ื™, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื›ื•ืš-
03:17
but they don't alter them chemically.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ื™ืžื™ืช.
03:20
Soup heated in the microwave is molecularly indistinguishable
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ืžืจืง ื”ืžื—ื•ืžื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช
03:23
from soup heated using a stove or oven.
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ืžืžืจืง ื”ืžื—ื•ืžื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื ื•ืจ ืื• ื›ื™ืจื”.
03:26
The term โ€œmicrowave radiationโ€ can be alarming.
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ื”ืžื•ื ื— โ€œืงืจื™ื ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœโ€ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืื™ื’.
03:30
But in physics, radiation simply describes any transfer of energy across a gap.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ืงืจื™ื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืชืืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืคืขืจ.
03:36
High frequency, ionizing radiation may be harmful
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ืงืจื™ื ื” ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื–ื™ืง
03:40
because it can strip electrons from molecules, including DNA.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ DNA.
03:45
However, microwaves arenโ€™t energetic enough to alter chemical bonds.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
03:49
And microwave ovens are designed to prevent leakageโ€”
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ื•ืชื ื•ืจื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ื“ืœื™ืคื”-
03:53
for safety and efficiencyโ€™s sake.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
03:56
Nonetheless, to totally limit exposure,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื”,
03:59
experts recommend simply standing a few feet away when a microwave oven is on.
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ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืฉื ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื ื•ืจ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ ื“ื•ืœืง.
04:05
Microwaving metal is dangerous, though, right?
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืชื›ืช ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:09
Well, it depends.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™.
04:11
Metals are conductors,
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ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืช,
04:12
meaning their electrons are loosely bound to their atoms
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื•ืคืฃ ืœืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
04:16
and move freely in response to electric fields.
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ื•ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉื“ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื.
04:19
Instead of absorbing microwave radiation,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืงืจื™ื ืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ,
04:21
the metalโ€™s electrons concentrate on the surface,
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ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืžืชืจื›ื–ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
04:24
leading to high voltages at sharp edges, corners, and small gaps.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืชื— ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืคืขืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
04:29
This includes areas between the creases on a sheet of aluminum foil,
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ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืžื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืฃ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื,
04:33
the prongs of a fork,
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ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื–ืœื’
04:35
or a metal object and the microwave ovenโ€™s metal walls.
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ืื• ื—ืคืฅ ืžืชื›ืช ื•ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ.
04:39
Sometimes, voltages get high enough to strip electrons
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื
04:42
from the surrounding air molecules.
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ืžืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
04:44
This electrically charged gas, or plasma, may then form lightning-like sparks
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ื’ื– ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื–ื”, ืื• ืคืœื–ืžื”, ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืจืง
04:50
and grow as it absorbs more microwaves.
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ื•ืœืฆืžื•ื— ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ืคื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœื™ื.
04:53
Once the oven is turned off, the plasma dissipates.
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ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืจ, ื”ืคืœื–ืžื” ืžืชืคื•ื’ื’ืช.
04:57
But not all metal objects spark in the microwaveโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื ื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ -
05:01
though they might make things cook a little unevenly.
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ืื ื›ื™ ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ืฉืœ ืžืขื˜ ืœื ืื—ื™ื“.
05:04
In fact, a lot of microwavable packaging takes advantage of this,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ ืžื ืฆืœื•ืช ื–ืืช,
05:09
using a thin metal coating to crisp the foodโ€™s surface.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ืžืชื›ืช ื“ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
05:13
And overall, as long as it doesn't approach the oven's walls,
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ื•ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืจ,
05:16
leaving a metal spoon in a microwaving bowl of soup
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ื”ืฉืืจืช ื›ืฃ ืžืชื›ืช ื‘ืงืขืจืช ืžืจืง ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ื’ืœ
05:19
should be a pretty uneventful affair.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ืกืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื.
05:22
Thatโ€™s just another neat benefit of cooking with RADAR.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ืขื•ื“ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืขื RADAR.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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