Why was the Rosetta Stone so important? - Franziska Naether

538,198 views ใƒป 2024-03-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
For centuries, scholars puzzled over the hieroglyphs
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืชืžื”ื• ืขืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื—ืจื˜ื•ืžื™ื
00:09
they found carved onto ancient Egyptian ruins, tablets, and papyri.
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ืฉืžืฆืื• ื—ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืคืคื™ืจื•ืก.
00:13
But a unique discovery would finally help unlock their meaning.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืชืกื™ื™ืข ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืœืคืขื ื— ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื.
00:17
In 1799, as the French military invaded Egypt,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1799, ื›ืฉืคืœืฉ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื,
00:21
an officer encountered a curious stone on the outskirts of Rashid, or Rosetta.
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ื ืชืงืœ ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื‘ืคืืชื™ ืจืืฉื™ื“, ืื• ืจื•ื–ื˜ื”.
00:27
It was inscribed with three different portions of text:
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ืขืœื™ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜:
00:29
Egyptian hieroglyphs, which is the oldest Egyptian script,
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ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:33
dating back some 5,000 years;
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ืžืœืคื ื™ ื›-5,000 ืฉื ื”;
00:35
Demotic Egyptian, which is a later derivative of Egyptian;
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ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื“ืžื•ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื™ืช;
00:38
and Ancient Greek.
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ื•ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”.
00:40
It seemed that each section was a rough translation of the others,
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืœ ืงื˜ืข ื”ื•ื ืชืจื’ื•ื ื’ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช,
00:44
meaning the stone presented an unprecedented key
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืžืคืชื— ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื
00:47
to unlocking hieroglyphs.
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ืœืคื™ืขื ื•ื— ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื—ืจื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
00:49
English troops soon intercepted the stone
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ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืื ื’ืœื™ื ื™ื™ืจื˜ื• ืขื“ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ
00:51
and brought it to the British Museum in 1802,
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1802,
00:54
where it became one of the most popular displays.
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:57
Various European scholarsโ€”
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื -
00:59
including Johan ร…kerblad, Thomas Young, and Jean-Franรงois Champollionโ€”
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ืืงืจื‘ืœื“, ืชื•ืžืืก ื™ืื ื’ ื•ื–โ€™ืืŸ ืคืจื ืกื•ืื” ืฉืžืคื•ืœื™ื•ืŸ -
01:04
worked to decode the Egyptian scripts.
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ืคืขืœื• ืœืคืขื ื•ื— ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื.
01:07
There were some crucial initial clues.
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ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืจืžื–ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžื›ืจื™ืขื™ื.
01:09
The Greek section included the names of royal figures,
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื›ืœืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
01:11
while certain areas in the Demotic section had bracket-like forms
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื“ืžื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื
01:15
and some hieroglyphic sections were encircled.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื•ืชืจื™ื.
01:18
Could these portions encode the same royal names?
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ื”ืื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืื•ืชื ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื?
01:21
ร…kerblad matched some characters up and, in 1802,
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ืืงืจื‘ืœื“ ื”ืชืื™ื ื›ืžื” ืชื•ื•ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 1802
01:25
successfully decoded the royal names and some simple words,
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ืคืขื ื— ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช
01:28
like โ€œmuchโ€ and โ€œtemplesโ€ in the Demotic script.
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ื›ืžื• โ€œื”ืจื‘ื”โ€ ื•โ€œืžืงื“ืฉื™ืโ€ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื“ืžื•ื˜ื™.
01:32
This led ร…kerblad to believe that all Demotic signs were alphabetic,
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืืงืจื‘ืœื“ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื“ืžื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืืœืคื‘ื™ืชื™ื™ื,
01:36
meaning each letter represented a discrete soundโ€”
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืœ ืื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืฆืœื™ืœ ื ืคืจื“ -
01:39
much like in English.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
01:40
Thomas Young, in contrast, suspected that some of the Demotic signs were logogramsโ€”
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ืชื•ืžืืก ื™ืื ื’, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื—ืฉื“ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื“ืžื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืœื•ื’ื•ื’ืจืžื•ืช -
01:45
that is, symbols encoding entire words or phrases.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืกืžืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื.
01:49
For example, he believed a sun disk with a stroke indicated the sun or sun god.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ืกืง ืฉืžืฉ ืขื ืงื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืื• ืืœ-ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
01:55
Around 1814, he deciphered some recurring Demotic words like โ€œpharaohโ€ and โ€œEgypt.โ€
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1814 ื”ื•ื ืคืขื ื— ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ื“ืžื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ืคืจืขื”" ื•"ืžืฆืจื™ื".
02:01
Young also had the critical insight
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ืœื™ืื ื’ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช
02:03
that Demotic was a later iteration of hieroglyphs.
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ืฉื“ืžื•ื˜ื™ืง ื”ื™ื ืื™ื˜ืจืฆื™ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื.
02:06
And, studying the hieroglyphic text,
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™,
02:08
Young successfully decoded the royal name โ€œPtolemy.โ€
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ื™ืื ื’ ืคืขื ื— ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ โ€œืชืœืžื™โ€œ.
02:11
But he still believed the prevailing misconception
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช
02:14
that most hieroglyphs were logograms representing ideasโ€” not sounds.
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ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื ื”ื ืœื•ื’ื•ื’ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช - ืœื ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื.
02:19
Using his knowledge of other scripts and languages,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื• ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
02:21
like the Egyptian Coptic heโ€™d learned from a Coptic Christian priest,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื•ืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ืฉืœืžื“ ืžื›ื•ืžืจ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืงื•ืคื˜ื™,
02:25
Champollion realized that most encircled hieroglyphs were phonetic.
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ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืคื•ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
02:29
They represented sounds: the Egyptian vulture, an โ€œaโ€;
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ื”ื ื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื: ื”ื ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆืจื™, โ€œaโ€;
02:33
the three fox skins, โ€œm-sโ€, and so on.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืขื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืขืœ, โ€œm-sโ€ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
02:37
This finally allowed him to read the Egyptian names โ€œRamsesโ€ and โ€œThutmose.โ€
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ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื โ€œืจืขืžืกืกโ€ ื•โ€œืชื•ืชืžื•ืกโ€œ.
02:42
Cross-referencing other hieroglyphic texts,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื‘ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:44
Champollion confirmed that many hieroglyphs
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ืื™ืฉืจ ืฉืžืคื•ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
02:47
beyond the encircled names were phonetic.
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
02:49
And on September 14th, 1822,
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ื•ื‘- 14 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1822,
02:52
he ran to his brotherโ€™s house and declared the breakthrough.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš.
02:55
Later, Champollion determined that beyond alphabetic and logographic hieroglyphs,
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืงื‘ืข ืฉืžืคื•ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื ืืœืคื‘ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื,
03:00
some were classifiers that sorted words into categories,
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ื—ืœืงื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
03:04
like occupations, plants, and abstract concepts.
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ื›ืžื• ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื, ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื.
03:08
The first complete translation of the Rosetta Stone
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ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืžืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ืŸ ืจื•ื–ื˜ื”
03:11
was finally published in the early 1850s.
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ืคื•ืจืกื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” -19.
03:13
So, what did it actually say?
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ืื–, ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืื•ืžืจ?
03:16
The inscription was marked 196 BCE.
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ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘- 196 ืœืคื ื”โ€œืก.
03:20
It honored the first anniversary
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
03:22
of 13-year-old Pharaoh Ptolemy Vโ€™s coronation
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ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชืจืช ืคืจืขื” ืชืœืžื™ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ ื” -13
03:25
and outlined a series of benefits for the Egyptian priesthood.
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ื•ืชื™ืืจ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช.
03:28
The inscriptions described laws for maintaining temples
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ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืชื™ืืจื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื
03:31
and performing rituals,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื˜ืงืกื™ื,
03:33
like the burial of sacred animals.
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ื›ืžื• ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื.
03:35
At the time, Egypt was a multicultural society.
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ืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืจื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช.
03:38
Two main languages were spoken:
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ื“ื•ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื” ืฉืชื™ ืฉืคื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช:
03:40
Ancient Greek, brought by Egyptโ€™s conquerors,
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ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื‘ืฉื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื,
03:42
and Demotic Egyptian, the native language.
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ื•ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื“ืžื•ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉืคืช ื”ืื.
03:45
Hieroglyphs represented Middle Egyptian,
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ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื”,
03:47
a language that was already antiquated but may have been included
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ืฉืคื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื ืช ืืš ืื•ืœื™ ื ื›ืœืœื”
03:50
to convey a sense of authority.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช.
03:53
The decree was copied onto many stones and erected in temples.
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ื”ืฆื• ื”ื•ืขืชืง ืขืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื.
03:56
However, as regimes shifted,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื•,
03:59
edifices were deconstructed and reconstructed.
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ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืคื•ืจืงื• ื•ืฉื•ื—ื–ืจื•.
04:02
Some scholars think the Rosetta Stone was originally placed in a temple in Sais.
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื–ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืกืื™ืก.
04:07
Itโ€™s unclear how it ended up 80 kilometers away,
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ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 80 ืงโ€œืž ืžืฉื,
04:10
but it may have been transported up the Nile after the late 15th century.
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ืืš ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ืœืื—ืจ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื” -15.
04:14
Once deciphered, hieroglyphs helped overturn misconceptions.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืคืขื ื•ื—ื, ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื ืขื–ืจื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืขื•ืช.
04:18
Subterranean chambers within Egyptian pyramids
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ืชืื™ื ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช
04:20
were once thought to be secret sites of priestly initiation and study.
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื›ืืชืจื™ื ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื.
04:24
But it was finally confirmed that pyramids were tombs
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ืืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืฉืจ ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืงื‘ืจื™ื
04:26
housing sacred preparations for the afterlife.
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ื”ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
04:30
Soon, entire texts could be translated that showcased
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ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืชืจื’ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ื•
04:33
the complexity of ancient Egyptian religious compositions.
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ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
04:37
Experts are still decoding new hieroglyphs as they arise
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ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืคืขื ื—ื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื
04:40
and untangling instances of tricky grammar and wordplay.
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ื•ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื.
04:43
The Rosetta Stone helped illuminate one of the worldโ€™s oldest written languages
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ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื–ื˜ื” ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
04:47
and the vibrant history it emerged from.
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ื•ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืชื•ืกืกืช ืžืžื ื” ื™ืฆืื”.
04:49
And yet, the pillaged artifact remains far from its provenance today.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื”ื—ืคืฅ ืฉื ื‘ื–ื– ื ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืžืงื•ืจื• ื›ื™ื•ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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