The dark history of werewolves - Craig Thomson

447,025 views ใƒป 2023-10-26

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
In the fall of 1589, the town of Bedburg, Germany,
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ื‘ืกืชื™ื• 1589 ืงื™ื™ืžื” ื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ื“ื‘ื•ืจื’ ืฉื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
00:11
held a highly publicized trial.
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ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืžืื•ื“.
00:13
Peter Stubbe was accused of several gruesome crimes,
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ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืกื˜ืื‘ื” ื”ื•ืืฉื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืคืฉืขื™ื ืื™ื•ืžื™ื,
00:17
including murder, assault, and cannibalism.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจืฆื—, ืชืงื™ืคื” ื•ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื.
00:20
But perhaps the most sinister accusation of them all,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ืืฉืžื” ื”ืžืจื•ืฉืขืช ืžื›ื•ืœื,
00:24
was of being a werewolf.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืื“ื ื–ืื‘.
00:26
In his confession, Peter claimed that the devil had given him a magic girdle,
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ื‘ื”ื•ื“ืืชื• ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ืงืกื,
00:31
which allowed him to transform into a wolf and perform his horrific acts.
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ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืœื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื–ืื‘ ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื.
00:36
Stories of werewolves existed well before this trial and continue to live on today.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื–ืื‘ ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:42
Theyโ€™re especially prominent in European literature and folklore,
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ื”ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™,
00:46
and often found in cultures where the wolf is the largest natural predator.
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:51
Over the years, the image of the werewolf has continuously evolved,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ,
00:55
often reflecting the fears and prejudices of that time.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืงืฃ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื—ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”.
01:00
In early literature, werewolves were sometimes painted as sympathetic figures:
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ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฆื•ื™ืจื• ืื ืฉื™ ื–ืื‘ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื™ื•ืช:
01:05
victims of curses who longed to return to their human form.
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ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืœืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืชื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
01:09
In the story of Gilgamesh,
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ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื’ืžืฉ,
01:11
one of the earliest written accounts of werewolves from over 4.000 years ago,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื–ืื‘ ืžืœืคื ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž -4,000 ืฉื ื”,
01:16
a shepherd falls in love with the goddess of love, Ishtar,
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ืจื•ืขื” ืžืชืื”ื‘ ื‘ืืœืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื”, ืื™ืฉืชืจ,
01:20
who transforms him into a wolf when she grows tired of his affection.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื–ืื‘ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืืกืช ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ืชื•.
01:25
In this and several other stories that followed,
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ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ื•,
01:28
werewolves were often men who had fallen prey to deceitful, alluring women.
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ืื ืฉื™ ื–ืื‘ ื”ื™ื• ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืคืœื• ื˜ืจืฃ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืžืจืžื•ืช ื•ืžืคืชื•ืช.
01:33
In the medieval story of โ€œBisclavret,โ€
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ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ "ื‘ื™ืกืงืœื‘ืจื˜",
01:36
a knight is trapped in wolf form by the cunning of his wife,
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ืื‘ื™ืจ ื ืœื›ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื–ืื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืจืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืืฉืชื•,
01:40
who leaves him to elope with another man.
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ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืขื ื’ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ.
01:42
Other early stories explored fears about the darker side of human nature,
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ืงืจื• ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืืคืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
01:47
including taboos such as cannibalism and murder.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื˜ืื‘ื• ื›ืžื• ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื•ืจืฆื—.
01:51
In ancient Greek mythology,
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ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
01:53
King Lycaon was transformed into a wolf by Zeus,
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ื”ืžืœืš ืœื™ืงืื•ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœื–ืื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืื•ืก,
01:57
after he attempted to trick the god into eating human flesh.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืขืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืื“ื.
02:01
As Catholicism spread throughout Europe,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
02:04
werewolves became increasingly linked to magic, sorcery, and pagan belief.
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ืื ืฉื™ ื–ืื‘ ื ืงืฉืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงืกื, ื›ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื•ืืžื•ื ื” ืคื’ืื ื™ืช.
02:09
By the 16th century, many people struggled separating werewolf fiction from fact.
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ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”-16 ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืื‘ืงื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ืื™ืฉ ื–ืื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”.
02:15
Political, economic, and religious upheavals
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ืชื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื•
02:18
gave rise to the infamous European witch trials.
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ืืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื”ืžื›ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืฉืžืฆื”.
02:21
And while witches were the main targets, in some areas,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื›ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
02:25
alleged werewolves like Peter Stubbe were also tried and executed.
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ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ ื–ืื‘ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืกื˜ื‘ื”. ื ืฉืคื˜ื• ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืœื”ื•ืจื’.
02:31
Today, some historians view the trials as driven by a fear of outsiders,
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื—ื“ ืžื–ืจื™ื,
02:36
as well as society's early attempts to understand brutal crimes.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืฉืขื™ื ืื›ื–ืจื™ื™ื.
02:41
While public belief in werewolves died down by the 17th century
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื ืฉื™ ื–ืื‘ ืฉื›ื—ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื” -17
02:45
as medicine and psychology advanced,
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ืขื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
02:47
the myth would re-emerge in literature.
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ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช.
02:50
By the Victorian period, werewolves had transformed again,
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช, ืื ืฉื™ ื–ืื‘ ื”ืฉืชื ื• ืฉื•ื‘,
02:54
often embodying fears of moral and psychological decay.
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ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœืžื• ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืจื™ืงื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
02:58
In George Reynoldsโ€™s โ€œWagner the Wehrwolf,โ€
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ื‘โ€œื•ื’ื ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืจื•ื•ืœืฃโ€ ืฉืœ ื’โ€˜ื•ืจื’โ€™ ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืœื“ืก,
03:01
the protagonist makes a pact with the devil to achieve eternal youth.
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ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืจืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื ืฆื—ื™ื™ื.
03:06
But in return, he transforms into a violent howling wolf
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื–ืื‘ ืืœื™ื ืžื™ื™ืœืœ
03:10
at the end of every month.
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
03:13
By the mid-20th century,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื” -20,
03:14
werewolves found a new home to hauntโ€” the silver screen.
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ืื ืฉื™ ื–ืื‘ ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืคืงื•ื“ - ืžืกืš ื”ื›ืกืฃ.
03:18
Here, the werewolf began to take its modern form.
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ื›ืืŸ, ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ืื‘ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
03:21
For example, the idea that the curse could be transmitted through bites
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืœืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืช
03:26
and triggered by a full moon
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ื•ืฉืžื•ืคืขืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืจื— ืžืœื
03:28
was first popularized with the 1935 film โ€œWerewolf of London.โ€
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ื–ื›ื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ โ€œื”ื–ืื‘ ืžืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸโ€ ืžืฉื ืช 1935.
03:33
Produced in the United States,
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ืฉื”ื•ืคืง ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
03:35
the film identifies the werewolf infection as originating from the eastโ€”
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ื”ืกืจื˜ ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ืื‘ ื›ืžื™ ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืžื–ืจื— -
03:40
specifically Tibet.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜.
03:42
This mirrored xenophobic fears of the timeโ€”
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ืงืฃ ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืงืกื ื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” -
03:45
that East Asian immigrants into North America and Europe
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ื›ืฉืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืžืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
03:49
threatened the stability and power of the west.
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ืื™ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื•ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘.
03:52
Werewolf hunters adopted silver as their weapon of choice
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ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื–ืื‘ ืื™ืžืฆื• ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื ืฉืง ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื
03:56
after its use in 1941โ€ฒs โ€œThe Wolf Man.โ€
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ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘โ€œืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ืื‘โ€ ืž 1941 .
04:00
Written by Jewish writer Curt Siodmak,
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ื”ืกืจื˜, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื˜ ืกื™ื•ื“ืžืง,
04:02
the film is viewed by many scholars as an allegory for Nazi brutality.
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ื”ืกืจื˜ ื ืชืคืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช.
04:08
In the film, a pentagram appears on the palm of the werewolfโ€™s next victim,
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ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืคื ื˜ื’ืจื ืขืœ ื›ืฃ ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ืื‘,
04:13
which is thought to allude to the compulsory Star of David badges
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ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžืจืžื– ืœื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืช ืชื’ื™ ืžื’ืŸ ื“ื•ื“
04:17
found in Europe during the 1930 and 40s.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -30 ื•ื” -40.
04:20
Since the 1950s, cinematic werewolves have frequently infected
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ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ื–ืื‘ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื• ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”
04:24
a new group of victims:
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ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช:
04:26
the teenager.
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ื”ื ืขืจื™ื.
04:27
Here, werewolves are often symbols of male aggression
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ื›ืืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ ื–ืื‘ ื”ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ืช
04:31
and the uncertainty of adolescence.
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ื•ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.
04:33
By the end of the century,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื”,
04:35
some films began to use the beastly transformation
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ื›ืžื” ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ืช
04:38
to explore themes of puberty,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช,
04:40
occasionally with a distinctly feminist perspective.
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ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช.
04:44
Yet, like all great monsters, the werewolf lives on,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ืื‘ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช
04:47
and will continue changing to fit its future audienceโ€™s needs.
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ื•ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•.
04:52
But, for the time being, it may be best to stock up on silver,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืขืช ืขืชื”, ืื•ืœื™ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ,
04:56
keep to the road, and beware the moon.
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ืœื”ื™ืฆืžื“ ืœื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžื”ื™ืจื—.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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