The dark history of werewolves - Craig Thomson

472,978 views ・ 2023-10-26

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Sora Hwang κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:07
In the fall of 1589, the town of Bedburg, Germany,
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1589λ…„ 가을, 독일 λ² λ“œλΆ€λ₯΄ν¬μ—μ„œ
00:11
held a highly publicized trial.
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μ•„μ£Ό 유λͺ…ν•œ 재판이 μ—΄λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:13
Peter Stubbe was accused of several gruesome crimes,
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ν”Όν„° μŠ€ν…μ€ 살인, 폭행, 식인 ν’μŠ΅μ„ λΉ„λ‘―ν•œ
00:17
including murder, assault, and cannibalism.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 λ”μ°ν•œ λ²”μ£„λ‘œ κΈ°μ†Œλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
But perhaps the most sinister accusation of them all,
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그런데 κ·Έμ€‘μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ‚¬μ•…ν•œ ν˜μ˜λŠ”
00:24
was of being a werewolf.
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λŠ‘λŒ€ μΈκ°„μ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
In his confession, Peter claimed that the devil had given him a magic girdle,
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ν”Όν„°λŠ” μžλ°±μ„ 톡해 μ•…λ§ˆκ°€ λ§ˆλ²• μ†μ˜·μ„ μ£Όμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
00:31
which allowed him to transform into a wolf and perform his horrific acts.
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λŠ‘λŒ€λ‘œ λ³€ν•΄ λ”μ°ν•œ 행동듀을 ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
Stories of werewolves existed well before this trial and continue to live on today.
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λŠ‘λŒ€ 인간 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” 이 재판 훨씬 이전뢀터 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ—λ„ 남아 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
They’re especially prominent in European literature and folklore,
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특히 유럽 λ¬Έν•™κ³Ό λ™ν™”μ—μ„œ λ‘λ“œλŸ¬μ§€λ©°,
00:46
and often found in cultures where the wolf is the largest natural predator.
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λŠ‘λŒ€κ°€ κ°€μž₯ 큰 μžμ—° ν¬μ‹μžμΈ λ¬Έν™”κΆŒμ—μ„œ ν”νžˆ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
Over the years, the image of the werewolf has continuously evolved,
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세월이 흐λ₯΄λ©΄μ„œ λŠ‘λŒ€ μΈκ°„μ˜ 인상은 λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ μ§„ν™”ν•˜λ©°
00:55
often reflecting the fears and prejudices of that time.
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μ‹œλŒ€μ˜ 두렀움과 νŽΈκ²¬μ„ λ°˜μ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
In early literature, werewolves were sometimes painted as sympathetic figures:
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초기 λ¬Έν•™μ—μ„œ, λŠ‘λŒ€ 인간은 λ•Œλ•Œλ‘œ 연민을 λΆˆλŸ¬μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” μΈλ¬Όμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
victims of curses who longed to return to their human form.
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μΈκ°„μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€κΈ°λ₯Ό κ°ˆλ§ν•˜λŠ” μ €μ£Όμ˜ ν¬μƒμžμ˜€μ£ .
01:09
In the story of Gilgamesh,
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κΈΈκ°€λ©”μ‹œ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ—λŠ”
01:11
one of the earliest written accounts of werewolves from over 4.000 years ago,
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μ‚¬μ²œμ—¬ λ…„ μ „ λŠ‘λŒ€ 인간에 λŒ€ν•œ 초기의 이야기가 κΈ°λ‘λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
a shepherd falls in love with the goddess of love, Ishtar,
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ν•œ λͺ©μžκ°€ μ‚¬λž‘μ˜ μ—¬μ‹  μ΄μŠˆνƒ€λ₯΄μ™€ μ‚¬λž‘μ— λΉ μ§€λŠ”λ°,
01:20
who transforms him into a wolf when she grows tired of his affection.
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μ΄μŠˆνƒ€λ₯΄λŠ” 그의 애정에 μ§€μΉ˜μž κ·Έλ₯Ό λŠ‘λŒ€λ‘œ λ°”κΏ”λ²„λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
In this and several other stories that followed,
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λŠ‘λŒ€ 인간은 이 이야기와 κ·Έ 뒀에 λ‚˜μ˜¨ μ—¬λŸ¬ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ—μ„œ
01:28
werewolves were often men who had fallen prey to deceitful, alluring women.
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λŒ€κ°œ 기만적이고 맀혹적인 μ—¬μ„±λ“€μ˜ μ†μž„μˆ˜μ— 빠진 λ‚¨μ„±λ“€μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
In the medieval story of β€œBisclavret,”
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쀑세 이야기 β€˜λΉ„μŠ¬λΌλΈŒλ ˆβ€™μ—μ„œλŠ”
01:36
a knight is trapped in wolf form by the cunning of his wife,
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κ΅ν™œν•œ μ•„λ‚΄κ°€ ν•œ 기사λ₯Ό λŠ‘λŒ€ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ— κ°‡νžˆκ²Œ λ§Œλ“€κ³ ,
01:40
who leaves him to elope with another man.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‚¨μžμ™€ λ‹¬μ•„λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
Other early stories explored fears about the darker side of human nature,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 초기 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ—μ„œλŠ” 식인 ν’μŠ΅κ³Ό 살인과 같은 금기λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•˜μ—¬
01:47
including taboos such as cannibalism and murder.
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인간 λ³Έμ„±μ˜ μ–΄λ‘μš΄ 면에 λŒ€ν•œ 두렀움을 νƒκ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
In ancient Greek mythology,
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κ³ λŒ€ 그리슀 μ‹ ν™”μ—μ„œ,
01:53
King Lycaon was transformed into a wolf by Zeus,
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μ œμš°μŠ€κ°€ 리카온 왕을 λŠ‘λŒ€λ‘œ λ°”κΏ”λ²„λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
after he attempted to trick the god into eating human flesh.
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신을 속여 μΈκ°„μ˜ 살을 먹이렀 μ‹œλ„ν•œ λ²Œμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
02:01
As Catholicism spread throughout Europe,
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카톨릭이 유럽 전역에 νΌμ§€λ©΄μ„œ,
02:04
werewolves became increasingly linked to magic, sorcery, and pagan belief.
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λŠ‘λŒ€ 인간은 점점 더 λ§ˆλ²•, 마술, 이ꡐ도 μ‹ μ•™κ³Ό μ—°κ²°λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
By the 16th century, many people struggled separating werewolf fiction from fact.
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16세기에 λ“€μ–΄μ„œλ©΄μ„œ,
λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λŠ‘λŒ€ μΈκ°„μ˜ ν—ˆκ΅¬μ™€ 사싀을 κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:15
Political, economic, and religious upheavals
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μ •μΉ˜μ , 경제적, 쒅ꡐ적 κ²©λ³€μœΌλ‘œ 인해
02:18
gave rise to the infamous European witch trials.
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μœ λŸ½μ—μ„œ μ•…λͺ… 높은 λ§ˆλ…€ 재판이 λ²Œμ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
And while witches were the main targets, in some areas,
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λ§ˆλ…€κ°€ μ£Όμš” ν‘œμ μ΄μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
일뢀 μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œλŠ”, ν”Όν„° μŠ€ν…μ²˜λŸΌ λŠ‘λŒ€ μΈκ°„μœΌλ‘œ μΆ”μ •λ˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ„
02:25
alleged werewolves like Peter Stubbe were also tried and executed.
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μž¬νŒμ„ λ°›κ³  μ²˜ν˜• λ‹Ήν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
Today, some historians view the trials as driven by a fear of outsiders,
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  일뢀 역사가듀은 이 μž¬νŒμ„
μž”ν˜Ήν•œ 범죄λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ €λŠ” μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ 초기 μ‹œλ„μ— λ”ν•΄μ„œ
02:36
as well as society's early attempts to understand brutal crimes.
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외뢀인에 λŒ€ν•œ λ‘λ €μ›€μ—μ„œλ„ λΉ„λ‘―λœ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 보고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
While public belief in werewolves died down by the 17th century
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λŠ‘λŒ€ 인간에 λŒ€ν•œ λŒ€μ€‘μ˜ λ―ΏμŒμ€
17세기에 μ˜ν•™κ³Ό 심리학이 λ°œμ „ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ μ€„μ–΄λ“€μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
02:45
as medicine and psychology advanced,
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02:47
the myth would re-emerge in literature.
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이 μ‹ ν™”λŠ” 문학에 λ‹€μ‹œ λ“±μž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
By the Victorian period, werewolves had transformed again,
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빅토리아 μ‹œλŒ€μ— 이λ₯΄λŸ¬ λŠ‘λŒ€ 인간은 λ‹€μ‹œ λ³€ν˜•λ˜μ—ˆκ³ ,
02:54
often embodying fears of moral and psychological decay.
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ν”νžˆ 도덕적, 심리적 쇠퇴에 λŒ€ν•œ 두렀움을 λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
In George Reynolds’s β€œWagner the Wehrwolf,”
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쑰지 λ ˆμ΄λ†€μ¦ˆκ°€ μ“΄ β€˜λŠ‘λŒ€ 인간 λ°”κ·Έλ„ˆβ€™μ—μ„œ
03:01
the protagonist makes a pact with the devil to achieve eternal youth.
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주인곡은 μ˜μ›ν•œ μ ŠμŒμ„ μ°Ύμ•„μ„œ μ•…λ§ˆμ™€ 계약을 λ§ΊμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
But in return, he transforms into a violent howling wolf
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ λŒ€κ°€λ‘œ, 맀달 보름이면
μ‚¬λ‚©κ²Œ μšΈλΆ€μ§–λŠ” λŠ‘λŒ€λ‘œ λ³€μ‹ ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
at the end of every month.
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03:13
By the mid-20th century,
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20μ„ΈκΈ° μ€‘λ°˜ 무렡,
03:14
werewolves found a new home to hauntβ€” the silver screen.
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λŠ‘λŒ€ 인간은 μ˜ν™”κ΄€μ—μ„œ λ³Ό 수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
Here, the werewolf began to take its modern form.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ λŠ‘λŒ€ 인간은 ν˜„λŒ€μ μΈ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ κ°–μΆ”κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
For example, the idea that the curse could be transmitted through bites
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, μ €μ£Όκ°€
λ¬Όλ €μ„œ μ „μ—Όλ˜κ³  보름달이 뜨면 μ΄‰λ°œλ  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 생각은
03:26
and triggered by a full moon
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03:28
was first popularized with the 1935 film β€œWerewolf of London.”
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1935λ…„ μ˜ν™” β€˜λŸ°λ˜μ˜ λŠ‘λŒ€ 인간’에 처음으둜 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
Produced in the United States,
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λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ μ œμž‘λœ 이 μ˜ν™”λŠ” λŠ‘λŒ€ 인간 κ°μ—Όμ˜ 기원이
03:35
the film identifies the werewolf infection as originating from the eastβ€”
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동양, 콕 μ§‘μ–΄μ„œ 티벳이라고 λ°νž™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
specifically Tibet.
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03:42
This mirrored xenophobic fears of the timeβ€”
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μ΄λŠ” λ‹Ήμ‹œμ˜ 외ꡭ인 ν˜μ˜€μ™€ 곡포λ₯Ό λ°˜μ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
that East Asian immigrants into North America and Europe
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뢁미와 유럽으둜 μ΄μ£Όν•œ λ™μ•„μ‹œμ•„ μ΄λ―Όμžλ“€μ΄
03:49
threatened the stability and power of the west.
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μ„œκ΅¬μ˜ μ•ˆμ •κ³Ό ꢌλ ₯을 μœ„ν˜‘ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
03:52
Werewolf hunters adopted silver as their weapon of choice
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λŠ‘λŒ€ 인간 사λƒ₯꾼듀은 은을 무기둜 μ„ νƒν–ˆλŠ”λ°
03:56
after its use in 1941β€²s β€œThe Wolf Man.”
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1941λ…„ β€˜μšΈν”„λ§¨β€™μ—μ„œ 은을 처음 μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
Written by Jewish writer Curt Siodmak,
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μœ νƒœμΈ μž‘κ°€μΈ 컀트 μ‹œμ˜€λ“œλ§‰μ΄ μ“΄ 이 μ˜ν™”λ₯Ό 두고
04:02
the film is viewed by many scholars as an allegory for Nazi brutality.
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λ§Žμ€ ν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ‚˜μΉ˜μ˜ μž”ν˜Ήμ„±μ„ λΉ—λŒ„ 것이라고 μ—¬κ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
In the film, a pentagram appears on the palm of the werewolf’s next victim,
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μ˜ν™”μ—μ„œ ν¬μƒμžμ˜ 손바λ‹₯μ—λŠ” μ˜€κ°ν˜•μ΄ κ·Έλ €μ Έ μžˆλŠ”λ°,
04:13
which is thought to allude to the compulsory Star of David badges
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μ΄λŠ” 1930~40λ…„λŒ€ μœ λŸ½μ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©ν•œ
04:17
found in Europe during the 1930 and 40s.
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λ‹€μœ—μ˜ 별 배지λ₯Ό μ•”μ‹œν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
Since the 1950s, cinematic werewolves have frequently infected
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1950λ…„λŒ€ 이후, μ˜ν™” 속 λŠ‘λŒ€ 인간은
μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν¬μƒμž μ§‘λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ μ‹­ λŒ€λ₯Ό 자주 κ°μ—Όμ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:24
a new group of victims:
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04:26
the teenager.
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04:27
Here, werewolves are often symbols of male aggression
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ λŠ‘λŒ€ 인간은 ν”νžˆ λ‚¨μ„±μ˜ 곡격성과
04:31
and the uncertainty of adolescence.
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μ²­μ†Œλ…„κΈ°μ˜ λΆˆν™•μ‹€μ„±μ„ μƒμ§•ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
By the end of the century,
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세기말에 이λ₯΄λŸ¬, 일뢀 μ˜ν™”λ“€μ€
04:35
some films began to use the beastly transformation
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μ•Όμˆ˜μ  변신을 ν™œμš©ν•΄μ„œ μ‚¬μΆ˜κΈ° 주제λ₯Ό νƒκ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆκ³ 
04:38
to explore themes of puberty,
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04:40
occasionally with a distinctly feminist perspective.
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λ•Œλ‘œλŠ” μ—¬μ„±μ£Όμ˜μ  관점을 λšœλ ·ν•˜κ²Œ 보이기도 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:44
Yet, like all great monsters, the werewolf lives on,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λͺ¨λ“  μœ„λŒ€ν•œ κ΄΄λ¬Όλ“€μ²˜λŸΌ, λŠ‘λŒ€ 인간도 계속 μ‚΄μ•„κ°€λ©°
04:47
and will continue changing to fit its future audience’s needs.
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미래 κ΄€κ°μ˜ μš”κ΅¬μ— 맞게 계속 λ³€ν™”ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:52
But, for the time being, it may be best to stock up on silver,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 당뢄간은 은을 μŒ“μ•„λ‘κ³ 
04:56
keep to the road, and beware the moon.
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보름이 μ–Έμ œμΈμ§€ μ•Œκ³  길을 μ‘°μ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μ΅œμ„ μ΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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