What causes opioid addiction, and why is it so tough to combat? - Mike Davis

2,867,528 views ใƒป 2020-05-07

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
More than 3,000 years ago, a flower began to appear in remedies
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ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-3000 ืฉื ื”, ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืคืจื— ื‘ืžืจืฉืžื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
00:12
in Ancient Egyptian medical texts.
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ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื.
00:15
Across the Mediterranean, the ancient Minoans
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ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื’ื ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื
00:17
likely found ways to use the same plant for its high.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืฆืื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฆืžื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”"ื”ื™ื™" ืฉืœื•.
00:21
Both ancient civilizations were on to somethingโ€”
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืขืœื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• --
00:24
opium, an extract of the poppy in question,
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ืื•ืคื™ื•ื, ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื’ ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ,
00:28
can both induce pleasure and reduce pain.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืื” ื•ื’ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื›ืื‘.
00:32
Though opium has remained in use ever since,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืคื™ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืื–,
00:35
it wasnโ€™t until the 19th century that one of its chemical compounds,
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ืจืง ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ืื—ืช ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
00:39
morphine, was identified and isolated for medical use.
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ืžื•ืจืคื™ืŸ, ื–ื•ื”ืชื” ื•ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืคื•ืื™.
00:44
Morphine, codeine, and other substances made directly from the poppy
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ืžื•ืจืคื™ืŸ, ืงื•ื“ืื™ืŸ, ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืคืจื’
00:48
are called opiates.
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ื ืงืจืื™ื ืื•ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื.
00:50
In the 20th century, drug companies created a slew of synthetic substances
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื
00:55
similar to these opiates,
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ืฉื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืื•ืคื™ืื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
00:57
including heroin, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and fentanyl.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืจื•ืื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืงื•ื“ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืงืกื™ืงื•ื“ื•ืŸ, ื•ืคื ื˜ื ื™ืœ.
01:02
Whether synthetic or derived from opium,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื ืื• ื ื’ื–ืจื™ื ืžืื•ืคื™ื•ื,
01:04
these compounds are collectively known as opioids.
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื—ื“ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื.
01:08
Synthetic or natural, legal or illicit, opioid drugs
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ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื ืื• ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืื• ืœื, ืกืžื™ื ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื
01:12
are very effective painkillers, but they are also highly addictive.
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ื”ื ืžืฉื›ื›ื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืžื›ืจื™ื.
01:17
In the 1980s and 90s,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื•ื”-90,
01:19
pharmaceutical companies began to market opioid painkillers aggressively,
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฉื•ื•ืง ืžืฉื›ื›ื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™,
01:24
actively downplaying their addictive potential
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ื•ื”ืฉืชื™ืงื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืžืžื›ืจ ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
01:27
to both the medical community and the public.
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ื’ื ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
01:30
The number of opioid painkillers prescriptions skyrocketed,
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืจืฉืžื™ื ืœืžืฉื›ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื”ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื–ื™ื ืง,
01:34
and so did cases of opioid addiction, beginning a crisis that continues today.
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:40
To understand why opioids are so addictive,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืžื›ืจื™ื,
01:43
it helps to trace how these drugs affect the human body from the first dose,
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ื ืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืกืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžื”ืžื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
01:48
through repeated use, to what happens when long-term use stops.
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ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืชืžืฉืš ื ืคืกืง.
01:53
Each of these drugs has slightly different chemistry,
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื”,
01:55
but all act on the bodyโ€™s opioid system by binding to opioid receptors in the brain.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
02:02
The bodyโ€™s endorphins temper pain signals by binding to these receptors,
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ื”ืื ื“ื•ืจืคื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืžืชื ื™ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ื›ืื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:07
and opioid drugs bind much more strongly, for longer.
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ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื ืงืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง, ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ.
02:12
So opioid drugs can manage much more severe pain than endorphins can.
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ืื– ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืื ื“ื•ืจืคื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžืชืŸ ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:17
Opioid receptors also influence everything from mood to normal bodily functions.
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ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื— ื•ืขื“ ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช.
02:22
With these functions, too, opioidsโ€™ binding strength and durability
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช
02:27
mean their effects are more pronounced and widespread
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ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:30
than those of the bodyโ€™s natural signaling molecules.
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ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
02:34
When a drug binds to opioid receptors, it triggers the release of dopamine,
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ื›ืฉืชืจื•ืคื” ื ืงืฉืจืช ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ,
02:38
which is linked to feelings of pleasure and may be responsible
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ืฉืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืขื•ื ื’ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืื—ืจืื™
02:42
for the sense of euphoria that characterizes an opioid high.
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ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืื•ืคื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช "ื”ื™ื™" ืžืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื.
02:46
At the same time, opioids suppress the release of noradrenaline,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืชื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจืื“ืจื ืœื™ืŸ,
02:50
which influences wakefulness, breathing, digestion, and blood pressure.
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ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืขื•ืจืจื•ืช, ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื•ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื.
02:56
A therapeutic dose decreases noradrenaline enough to cause side effects
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ืžื ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ื ื•ืจืื“ืจื ืœื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™
03:00
like constipation.
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ื›ืžื• ืขืฆื™ืจื•ืช.
03:03
At higher doses opioids can decrease heart and breathing rates to dangerous levels,
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ื‘ืžื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืœืจืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช,
03:09
causing loss of consciousness and even death.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื•ืช.
03:13
Over time, the body starts to develop a tolerance for opioids.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืชื— ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื.
03:18
It may decrease its number of opioid receptors,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื,
03:21
or the receptors may become less responsive.
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ืื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื.
03:24
To experience the same release of dopamine and resulting mood effects as before,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื“ื,
03:29
people have to take larger and larger dosesโ€”
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืžื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ --
03:32
a cycle that leads to physical dependence and addiction.
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ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืœื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช.
03:36
As people take more opioids to compensate for tolerance,
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช,
03:39
noradrenaline levels become lower and lower,
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ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืื“ืจื ืœื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:42
to a point that could impact basic bodily functions.
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ืขื“ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช.
03:46
The body compensates by increasing its number of noradrenaline receptors
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืคืฆื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืžืกืคืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืจืื“ืจื ืœื™ืŸ
03:50
so it can detect much smaller amounts of noradrenaline.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจืื“ืจื ืœื™ืŸ.
03:54
This increased sensitivity to noradrenaline
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื ื•ืจืื“ืจื ืœื™ืŸ,
03:57
allows the body to continue functioning normallyโ€”
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ --
04:00
in fact, it becomes dependent on opioids to maintain the new balance.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
04:05
When someone who is physically dependent on opioids stops taking them abruptly,
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ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืชืœื•ื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืžืคืกื™ืง ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืชืื•ืžื™,
04:10
that balance is disrupted.
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ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคืจ.
04:12
Noradrenaline levels can increase within a day of ceasing opioid use.
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ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืื“ืจื ืœื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื™ื•ื ืžื”ืคืกืงืช ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื.
04:17
But the body takes much longer to get rid of
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืœื•ืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื™ืคืชืจ
04:19
all the extra noradrenaline receptors it made.
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ืžื›ืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืจืื“ืจื ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจ.
04:22
That means thereโ€™s a period of time
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ืคื”
04:24
when the body is too sensitive to noradrenaline.
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ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื“ื™ ืœื ื•ืจืื“ืจื ืœื™ืŸ.
04:28
This oversensitivity causes withdrawal symptoms,
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ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื–ื• ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื’ืžื™ืœื”,
04:31
including muscle aches, stomach pains, fever, and vomiting.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืื‘ื™ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ื›ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ืŸ, ื—ื•ื, ื•ื”ืงืื•ืช.
04:35
Though temporary, opioid withdrawal can be incredibly debilitating.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ื’ืžื™ืœื” ืžืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:39
In serious cases, someone in withdrawal can be violently ill
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื’ืžื™ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™
04:43
for days or even weeks.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ืžื™ื ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
04:46
People who are addicted to opioids aren't necessarily using the drugs
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกืžื™ื
04:50
to get high anymore, but rather to avoid being sick.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ"ื”ื™ื™", ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™.
04:54
Many risk losing wages or even jobs while in withdrawal,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืกืชื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื›ืจ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื‘ื’ืžื™ืœื”,
04:58
or may not have anyone to take care of them during withdrawal.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื’ืžื™ืœื”.
05:02
If someone goes back to using opioids later,
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:05
they can be at particularly high risk for overdose,
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ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ,
05:08
because what would have been a standard dose while their tolerance was high,
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ืฉืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
05:12
can now be lethal.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
05:14
Since 1980, accidental deaths from opioid overdose
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ืžืื– 1980, ื’ื“ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืžื ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื™ืื•ื“ื™ื
05:18
have grown exponentially in the United States,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
05:21
and opioid addictions have also exploded around the world.
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ื•ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื” ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
05:25
While opioid painkiller prescriptions are becoming more closely regulated,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืจืฉืžื™ื ืœืžืฉื›ื›ื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ื•ื˜ืจื™ื,
05:29
cases of overdose and addiction are still increasing,
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ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ื•ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื™ื,
05:32
especially among younger people.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
05:35
Many of the early cases of addiction were middle-aged people
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
05:38
who became addicted to painkillers they had been prescribed,
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ืฉื”ืชืžื›ืจื• ืœืžืฉื›ื›ื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืจืฉืžื• ืœื”ื,
05:42
or received from friends and family members with prescriptions.
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ืื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื ืžืจืฉืžื™ื.
05:45
Today, young people are often introduced to prescription opioid drugs in those ways
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืจืฉืžื™ื ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
05:50
but move on to heroin or illicit synthetic opioids that are cheaper
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ืื™ืŸ ืื• ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:55
and easier to come by.
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ื•ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื’ื”.
05:58
Beyond tighter regulation of opioid painkillers,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ืงืฉื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ื›ื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื,
06:00
what can we do to reverse the growing rates of addiction and overdose?
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ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื ื•ืช-ื™ืชืจ?
06:05
A drug called naloxone is currently our best defense against overdose.
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ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื ืœื•ืงืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื ื’ื“ ืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ.
06:10
Naloxone binds to opioid receptors but doesnโ€™t activate them.
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ื ืœื•ืงืกื•ืŸ ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื.
06:15
It blocks other opioids from binding to the receptors,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ืข ืžืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื,
06:18
and even knocks them off the receptors to reverse an overdose.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืกื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืžื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืžื ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ.
06:22
Opioid addiction is rarely a stand-alone illness;
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ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”;
06:26
frequently, people with opioid dependence are also struggling
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื’ื ื ืื‘ืงื™ื
06:29
with a mental health condition.
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ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช.
06:30
There are both inpatient and outpatient programs that combine
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืจืคืื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื
06:34
medication, health services, and psychotherapy.
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ืฉืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื”.
06:38
But many of these programs are very expensive,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืงืจื•ืช,
06:41
and the more affordable options can have long waiting lists.
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ื•ืœืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชื ื” ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช.
06:44
They also often require complete detoxification from opioids
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ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉืœื ืžืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื
06:48
before beginning treatment.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
06:50
Both the withdrawal period and the common months-long stay in a facility
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ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื’ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืืฉืคื•ื– ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
06:55
can be impossible for people who risk losing jobs and housing in that timeframe.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืกืชื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
07:00
Opioid maintenance programs aim to address some of these obstacles
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ื ื’ื“ ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
07:04
and eliminate opioid abuse using a combination
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ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื
07:08
of medication and behavior therapy.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™.
07:10
These programs avoid withdrawal symptoms with drugs
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืžืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
07:14
that bind to opioid receptors but donโ€™t have the psychoactive effects
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ืฉื ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
07:18
of painkillers, heroin, and other commonly abused opioids.
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ืฉืœ ืžืฉื›ื›ื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ื, ื”ืจื•ืื™ืŸ, ื•ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืขื”.
07:23
Methadone and buprenorphine
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ืžืชืื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื•ืคืจื ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ
07:25
are the primary opioid maintenance drugs available today,
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื ื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื,
07:29
but doctors need a special waiver to prescribe themโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืื•ืชืŸ --
07:32
even though no specific training or certification
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืื• ื”ืกืžื›ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
07:34
is required to prescribe opioid painkillers.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืžืฉื›ื›ื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื.
07:38
Buprenorphine can be so scarce
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ื‘ื•ืคืจื ื•ืคืจื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื“ื™ืจ,
07:40
that thereโ€™s even a growing black market for it.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื•ืง ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื’ื“ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•.
07:43
Thereโ€™s still a long way to go with combating opioid addiction,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื,
07:46
but there are great resources for making sense of the treatment options.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
07:50
If you or someone you know is struggling with opioid use in the United States,
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ืื ืืชื ืื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื ืื‘ืง ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ,
07:55
the Department of Health and Human Services
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื
07:57
operates a helpline: 800-662-4357
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ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ: "ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื ืœืกืžื™ื".
08:02
and a database of more than 14,000 substance abuse facilities in the US:
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ื‘ืืชืจ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื’ื ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื
08:07
www.hhs.gov/opioids
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https://bit.ly/3guvavY
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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