What causes opioid addiction, and why is it so tough to combat? - Mike Davis

2,910,834 views

2020-05-07 ใƒป TED-Ed


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What causes opioid addiction, and why is it so tough to combat? - Mike Davis

2,910,834 views ใƒป 2020-05-07

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Irene Nayoung Ye ๊ฒ€ํ† : Yunjung Nam
00:07
More than 3,000 years ago, a flower began to appear in remedies
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3000๋…„๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ์˜ํ•™์„œ์—์„œ
00:12
in Ancient Egyptian medical texts.
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์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋กœ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฝƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
Across the Mediterranean, the ancient Minoans
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์ง€์ค‘ํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ๋…ธ์•„์ธ๋“ค์€
00:17
likely found ways to use the same plant for its high.
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๊ธฐ๋ถ„์„ ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
Both ancient civilizations were on to somethingโ€”
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๋‘ ๊ณ ๋Œ€์ธ๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ์ทจํ•ด์žˆ์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
00:24
opium, an extract of the poppy in question,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•„ํŽธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์–‘๊ท€๋น„ ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ์€
00:28
can both induce pleasure and reduce pain.
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๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ์ค„์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์„ ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
Though opium has remained in use ever since,
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์•„ํŽธ์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”์ง€๋งŒ,
00:35
it wasnโ€™t until the 19th century that one of its chemical compounds,
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19์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ํ™”ํ•™์  ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ธ ๋ชจ๋ฅดํ•€์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
00:39
morphine, was identified and isolated for medical use.
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์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
Morphine, codeine, and other substances made directly from the poppy
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๋ชจ๋ฅดํ•€, ์ฝ”๋ฐ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์€ ์–‘๊ท€๋น„์—์„œ ์ง์ ‘ ์ถ”์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:48
are called opiates.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„ํŽธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
In the 20th century, drug companies created a slew of synthetic substances
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ, ์ œ์•ฝํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์•„ํŽธ์ œ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ
00:55
similar to these opiates,
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
including heroin, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and fentanyl.
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ํ—ค๋กœ์ธ, ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœ์ฝ”๋ˆ, ์˜ฅ์‹œ์ฝ”๋ˆ๊ณผ ํŽœํƒ€๋‹์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ฃ .
01:02
Whether synthetic or derived from opium,
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์•„ํŽธ์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ์ธ
01:04
these compounds are collectively known as opioids.
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์ด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
Synthetic or natural, legal or illicit, opioid drugs
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ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋“  ์ž์—ฐ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ์ด๋“ , ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋“  ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ด๋“ ,
01:12
are very effective painkillers, but they are also highly addictive.
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์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘๋…์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
In the 1980s and 90s,
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1980๋…„๋Œ€์™€ 90๋…„๋Œ€,
01:19
pharmaceutical companies began to market opioid painkillers aggressively,
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์ œ์•ฝํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์„ ํ™๋ณดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
actively downplaying their addictive potential
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณ„์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
01:27
to both the medical community and the public.
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์•ฝ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์ค‘๋…์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ๊ฐ์ถ”๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:30
The number of opioid painkillers prescriptions skyrocketed,
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์ด ์•ฝ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ
01:34
and so did cases of opioid addiction, beginning a crisis that continues today.
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์ค‘๋…์ž๋„ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
To understand why opioids are so addictive,
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์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์˜ ์ค‘๋…์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด
01:43
it helps to trace how these drugs affect the human body from the first dose,
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1์ฐจ ๋ณต์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋ณต์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
01:48
through repeated use, to what happens when long-term use stops.
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๋ชธ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
Each of these drugs has slightly different chemistry,
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์•ฝ์€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
but all act on the bodyโ€™s opioid system by binding to opioid receptors in the brain.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‡Œ์—์„œ ์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
The bodyโ€™s endorphins temper pain signals by binding to these receptors,
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์—”๋„๋ฅดํ•€์€ ์ด ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต์ฆ์„ ์™„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
02:07
and opioid drugs bind much more strongly, for longer.
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์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:12
So opioid drugs can manage much more severe pain than endorphins can.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด ์•ฝ์ด ์‹ฌํ•œ ํ†ต์ฆ์—๋Š” ์—”๋„๋ฅดํ•€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
Opioid receptors also influence everything from mood to normal bodily functions.
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์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐ์ •๊ณผ ์‹ ์ฒด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
With these functions, too, opioidsโ€™ binding strength and durability
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ญํ•  ์™ธ์— ์ด ์•ฝ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ง€์†๋ ฅ์€
02:27
mean their effects are more pronounced and widespread
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์ฒด๋‚ด์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์  ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๋ณด๋‹ค
02:30
than those of the bodyโ€™s natural signaling molecules.
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๋” ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
When a drug binds to opioid receptors, it triggers the release of dopamine,
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์•ฝ์ด ์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์ด ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
which is linked to feelings of pleasure and may be responsible
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๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์€ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:42
for the sense of euphoria that characterizes an opioid high.
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์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋„์ทจ๊ฐ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
At the same time, opioids suppress the release of noradrenaline,
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๋™์‹œ์— ์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์€ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์•„๋“œ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฐ์˜ ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:50
which influences wakefulness, breathing, digestion, and blood pressure.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ์„ฑ, ํ˜ธํก, ์†Œํ™”์™€ ํ˜ˆ์••์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
A therapeutic dose decreases noradrenaline enough to cause side effects
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์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์•„๋“œ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฐ์˜ ๋ถ„๋น„๋Š” ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ 
03:00
like constipation.
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๋ณ€๋น„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
At higher doses opioids can decrease heart and breathing rates to dangerous levels,
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์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์„ ๊ณ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹ฌ๋ฐ•๋™์ˆ˜์™€ ํ˜ธํก์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ณ 
03:09
causing loss of consciousness and even death.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์˜์‹๋ถˆ๋ช… ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
Over time, the body starts to develop a tolerance for opioids.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ด ์•ฝ์˜ ๋‚ด์„ฑ๋„ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
It may decrease its number of opioid receptors,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:21
or the receptors may become less responsive.
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์ด ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
To experience the same release of dopamine and resulting mood effects as before,
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๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์ „๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์˜ ์–‘๊ณผ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ๋ ค๋ฉด
03:29
people have to take larger and larger dosesโ€”
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณต์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋Š˜๋ ค์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
a cycle that leads to physical dependence and addiction.
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์ฆ‰, ์•ฝ์— ์˜์กด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์ค‘๋…๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
03:36
As people take more opioids to compensate for tolerance,
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๋‚ด์„ฑ์„ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด,
03:39
noradrenaline levels become lower and lower,
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๋…ธ๋ฅด์•„๋“œ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์  ๋” ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๊ณ 
03:42
to a point that could impact basic bodily functions.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์‹ ์ฒด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
The body compensates by increasing its number of noradrenaline receptors
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ชธ์€ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์•„๋“œ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ 
03:50
so it can detect much smaller amounts of noradrenaline.
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๋” ์ ์€ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
This increased sensitivity to noradrenaline
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๋…ธ๋ฅด์•„๋“œ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฐ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ
03:57
allows the body to continue functioning normallyโ€”
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์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
in fact, it becomes dependent on opioids to maintain the new balance.
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์ฆ‰, ์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹ ์ฒด ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:05
When someone who is physically dependent on opioids stops taking them abruptly,
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์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋ณต์šฉ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถฐ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
04:10
that balance is disrupted.
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๊ทธ ๊ท ํ˜•์€ ๊นจ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
Noradrenaline levels can increase within a day of ceasing opioid use.
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๋…ธ๋ฅด์•„๋“œ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ์•ฝ์˜ ๋ณต์šฉ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ˜ ํ›„ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋งŒ์— ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ,
04:17
But the body takes much longer to get rid of
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์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์ด ๋ชธ์†์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ์—ฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ์—†์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ๋Š”
04:19
all the extra noradrenaline receptors it made.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์†Œ์š”๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
That means thereโ€™s a period of time
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ๋…ธ๋ฅด์•„๋“œ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฐ์—
04:24
when the body is too sensitive to noradrenaline.
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๋ชธ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
This oversensitivity causes withdrawal symptoms,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ๋ฏผ์„ฑ์€ ๊ทผ์œกํ†ต, ๋ณตํ†ต, ๋ฐœ์—ด๊ณผ
04:31
including muscle aches, stomach pains, fever, and vomiting.
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๊ตฌํ† ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธˆ๋‹จ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
Though temporary, opioid withdrawal can be incredibly debilitating.
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์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ์˜ ๋ณต์šฉ์„ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์–ด๋„ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:39
In serious cases, someone in withdrawal can be violently ill
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์•ฝ์„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ฉฐ์น ์—์„œ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ช‡ ์ฃผ๋™์•ˆ
04:43
for days or even weeks.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ณ ํ†ต์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์•“๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
People who are addicted to opioids aren't necessarily using the drugs
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์ค‘๋…์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์พŒ๋ฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
04:50
to get high anymore, but rather to avoid being sick.
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
Many risk losing wages or even jobs while in withdrawal,
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๊ธˆ๋‹จ ์ฆ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„๊ธˆ์„ ๋ชป ๋ฐ›๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง์žฅ์„ ์žƒ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:58
or may not have anyone to take care of them during withdrawal.
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์ž์‹ ์„ ๋Œ๋ด์ค„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
If someone goes back to using opioids later,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์„ ๋Š์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋˜๋ฉด
05:05
they can be at particularly high risk for overdose,
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๊ณผ๋‹ค๋ณต์šฉ์„ ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
because what would have been a standard dose while their tolerance was high,
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์ด์ „์— ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๋ณต์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด
05:12
can now be lethal.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด์— ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:14
Since 1980, accidental deaths from opioid overdose
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1980๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์˜ ๊ณผ๋‹ค ๋ณต์šฉ์œผ๋กœ
05:18
have grown exponentially in the United States,
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์‚ฌ๊ณ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
and opioid addictions have also exploded around the world.
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๋˜ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๋…์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธ‰์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
While opioid painkiller prescriptions are becoming more closely regulated,
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์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์€ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
05:29
cases of overdose and addiction are still increasing,
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์ Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ๋‹ค ๋ณต์šฉ๊ณผ ์ค‘๋… ์ฆ์„ธ๊ฐ€
05:32
especially among younger people.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
Many of the early cases of addiction were middle-aged people
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์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ค‘๋… ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์€ ์ค‘๋…„๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
who became addicted to painkillers they had been prescribed,
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๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋ฐ›์€ ์•ฝ์— ์ค‘๋…๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
05:42
or received from friends and family members with prescriptions.
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์นœ๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์ด ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜€์ฃ .
05:45
Today, young people are often introduced to prescription opioid drugs in those ways
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์ Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
but move on to heroin or illicit synthetic opioids that are cheaper
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ํ—ค๋กœ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์„
05:55
and easier to come by.
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๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:58
Beyond tighter regulation of opioid painkillers,
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์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ์—๋„
06:00
what can we do to reverse the growing rates of addiction and overdose?
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๊ณผ๋‹ค ๋ณต์šฉ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘๋… ๋น„์œจ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
06:05
A drug called naloxone is currently our best defense against overdose.
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ๋‚ผ๋Ÿญ์†์ด ๊ณผ๋‹ค ๋ณต์šฉ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์•ฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
Naloxone binds to opioid receptors but doesnโ€™t activate them.
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๋‚ผ๋Ÿญ์†์€ ์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚ค์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
It blocks other opioids from binding to the receptors,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:18
and even knocks them off the receptors to reverse an overdose.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ณผ๋‹ค ๋ณต์šฉ์ด ๋˜์ง€์•Š๋„๋ก ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
Opioid addiction is rarely a stand-alone illness;
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์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์˜ ์ค‘๋…์€ ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ์ด๊ฒจ๋‚ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
frequently, people with opioid dependence are also struggling
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์ด ๋งˆ์•ฝ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
์ •์‹  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์—๋„ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
with a mental health condition.
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06:30
There are both inpatient and outpatient programs that combine
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์™ธ๋ž˜์™€ ์ž…์› ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ช…์ƒ, ์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
06:34
medication, health services, and psychotherapy.
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
But many of these programs are very expensive,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋น„์‹ธ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
06:41
and the more affordable options can have long waiting lists.
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๋น„์šฉ์ด ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
They also often require complete detoxification from opioids
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๋˜ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์ž‘ ์ „์— ๋ชธ์†์— ๋‚จ์€ ์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์ด
06:48
before beginning treatment.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ•ด๋…ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
Both the withdrawal period and the common months-long stay in a facility
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์•ฝ์„ ๋Š๊ณ  ์‹œ์„ค์—์„œ ์ง€๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€
06:55
can be impossible for people who risk losing jobs and housing in that timeframe.
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์ง์žฅ๊ณผ ์ง‘์„ ์žƒ์„ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:00
Opioid maintenance programs aim to address some of these obstacles
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์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ 
07:04
and eliminate opioid abuse using a combination
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๋ช…์ƒ๊ณผ ํ–‰๋™์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
์ด ๋งˆ์•ฝ์˜ ๋‚จ์šฉ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
of medication and behavior therapy.
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07:10
These programs avoid withdrawal symptoms with drugs
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค์€ ๊ธˆ๋‹จ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ 
07:14
that bind to opioid receptors but donโ€™t have the psychoactive effects
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์ง„ํ†ต์ œ, ํ—ค๋กœ์ธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ”ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜
07:18
of painkillers, heroin, and other commonly abused opioids.
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์ •์‹ ์  ํ™œ์„ฑ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋•์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:23
Methadone and buprenorphine
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๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ˆ๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ”„๋ ˆ๋…ธ๋ฅดํ•€์€
07:25
are the primary opioid maintenance drugs available today,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์˜ ๋Œ€์šฉ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š”๋ฐ,
07:29
but doctors need a special waiver to prescribe themโ€”
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์ด ์•ฝ๋“ค์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์•ผํ•˜์ฃ .
07:32
even though no specific training or certification
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์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ๋Š”
07:34
is required to prescribe opioid painkillers.
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์˜ํ•™ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ต์œก์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฉดํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฐ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:38
Buprenorphine can be so scarce
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๋ถ€ํ”„๋ ˆ๋…ธ๋ฅดํ•€์€ ์•”๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:40
that thereโ€™s even a growing black market for it.
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์ฐพ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํž˜๋“  ์•ฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
Thereโ€™s still a long way to go with combating opioid addiction,
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์•„ํŽธ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์˜ ์ค‘๋…์„ ์ด๊ฒจ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํž˜๋“  ์ผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
07:46
but there are great resources for making sense of the treatment options.
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์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
If you or someone you know is struggling with opioid use in the United States,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ์ค‘ ์ด ๋งˆ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํž˜๋“ค์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:55
the Department of Health and Human Services
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๋ณด๊ฑด ๋ณต์ง€๋ถ€ ์ „ํ™” ์ƒ๋‹ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค
07:57
operates a helpline: 800-662-4357
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800-662-4357 ๋กœ ์ „ํ™”ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
08:02
and a database of more than 14,000 substance abuse facilities in the US:
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด์—๋Š” 14,000๊ณณ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ค‘๋… ์น˜๋ฃŒ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
www.hhs.gov/opioids
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www.hhs.gov/opioids
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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