How big is a mole? (Not the animal, the other one.) - Daniel Dulek

2,531,416 views ใƒป 2012-09-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yifat Adler ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Nir Bibi
00:17
OK, today we're going to talk about the mole.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืœ. (ืžื•ืœ=ื—ืคืจืคืจืช=ืฉื•ืžื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช).
00:19
Now, I know what you're thinking: "I know what a mole is,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื: "ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”ื™ ื—ืคืจืคืจืช,
00:22
it's a small furry creature that digs holes in the ground and destroys gardens."
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ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืคืจื•ื•ืชื™ ืฉื—ื•ืคืจ ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื•ื”ื•ืจืก ื’ื™ื ื•ืช."
00:25
And some of you might be thinking that it's a growth on your aunt's face with hairs sticking out of it.
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ื•ื—ืœืงื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžื” ื”ืฆื•ืžื—ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืฆื‘ืฆื•ืช ืžืžื ื”.
00:29
Well, in this case, a mole is a concept that we use in chemistry to count molecules,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืžื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช,
00:33
atoms, just about anything extremely small.
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ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“.
00:36
Have you ever wondered how many atoms there are in the universe?
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ื”ืื ืชื”ื™ืชื ืื™ ืคืขื ื›ืžื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื?
00:39
Or in your body? Or even in a grain of sand?
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ืื• ื‘ื’ื•ืคื›ื? ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื’ืจื’ืจ ื—ื•ืœ?
00:42
Scientists have wanted to answer that question,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืจืฆื• ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•,
00:44
but how do you count something as small as an atom?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ืื˜ื•ื?
00:46
Well, in 1811, someone had an idea that if you had equal volumes
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘-1811, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืขืœื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื ืคื—ื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื
00:50
of gases, at the same temperature and pressure,
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ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืœื—ืฅ
00:52
they would contain an equal number of particles.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื™ืœื• ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
00:54
His name was Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro.
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ืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืจื ืฆื• ืจื•ืžืื ื• ืืžื“ืื• ืงืืจืœื• ืื‘ื•ื’ืื“ืจื•.
00:58
I wonder how long it took him to sign autographs.
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ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœืงื— ืœื• ืœื—ืชื•ื ืœืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื.
01:01
Unfortunately for Avogadro, most scientists didn't accept the idea of the atom,
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ืœืจื•ืข ืžื–ืœื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ื’ื“ืจื•, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ื,
01:04
and there was no way to prove he was right.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืฆื“ืงืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•.
01:06
There was no clear difference between atoms and molecules.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช.
01:09
Most scientists looked at Avogadro's work as purely hypothetical,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื›ืืœ ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™,
01:12
and didn't give it much thought.
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ื•ืœื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื• ืœื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืจื‘ื”.
01:14
But it turned out he was right! By late 1860,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื“ืง! ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 1860,
01:17
Avogadro was proven correct, and his work helped lay the foundation
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ื”ื•ื›ื— ืฉืื‘ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ืฆื“ืง, ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก
01:20
for the atomic theory. Unfortunately, Avogadro died in 1856.
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ืœืชื•ืจืช ื”ืื˜ื•ื. ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืื‘ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1856.
01:23
Now the thing is that the amount of particles in even small samples
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ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
01:26
is tremendous. For example,
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ื”ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื”. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื,
01:29
If you have a balloon of any gas at zero degrees Celcius,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ื’ื– ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืคืก ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก,
01:32
and at a pressure of one atmosphere, then you have precisely
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ื•ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืื—ืช, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
01:36
six hundred and two sextillion gas particles.
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ืฉืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื•ืฉื ื™ื ืกืงืกื˜ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื’ื–.
01:38
That is, you have six with 23 zeros after it particles of gas in the container.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื 6 ืขื 23 ืืคืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื’ื– ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื›ืœ.
01:42
Or in scientific notation, 6.02 times 10 to the 23rd particles.
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ืื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืžื“ืขื™ 6.02 ื›ืคื•ืœ 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 23 ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
01:47
This example is a little misleading,
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ื–ื• ืงืฆืช ืžื˜ืขื”,
01:49
because gases take up a lot of space due to the high kinetic energy
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื–ื™ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืจื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
01:52
of the gas particles, and it leaves you thinking atoms are bigger than they really are.
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ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื’ื–, ื•ื›ืš ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช.
01:56
Instead, think of water molecules.
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ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื.
01:58
If you pour 18.01 grams of water into a glass,
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ืื ืชืฉืคื›ื• 18.01 ื’ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื›ื•ืก,
02:01
which is 18.01 milliliters, which is like three and a half teaspoons of water,
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ืฉื”ื 18.01 ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจ, ืฉื”ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื›ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื,
02:05
you'll have 602 sextillion molecules of water.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื 602 ืกืงืกื˜ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื.
02:08
Since Lorenzo Romano - uh, never mind - Avogadro was the first one to come up with this idea,
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ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืœื•ืจื ื–ื• ืจื•ืžืื ื• - ืื”, ืœื ืžืฉื ื” - ืื‘ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ,
02:13
scientists named the number 6.02 times 10 to the 23rd after him.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ 6.02 ื›ืคื•ืœ 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 23 ืขืœ ืฉืžื•.
02:18
It is simply known as Avogadros's number.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื ืžืกืคืจ ืื‘ื•ื’ื“ืจื•.
02:21
Now, back to the mole. Not that mole.
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ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ืžื•ืœ. ืœื ืืœ ื”ื—ืคืจืคืจืช...
02:23
This mole. Yep, this number has a second name.
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ื”ืžื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”. ื›ืŸ, ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื ื•ืกืฃ.
02:26
The mole. Chemists use the term mole
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ืžื•ืœ. ื›ื™ืžืื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ืžื•ืœ"
02:29
to refer to the quantities that are at the magnitude of 602 sextillion.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 602 ืกืงืกื˜ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
02:33
This is known as a molar quantity.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืœืจื™ืช.
02:35
Atoms and molecules are so small, that chemists have bundled them into groups called moles.
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ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืฉื›ื™ืžืื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืฆื• ืื•ืชื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืžื•ืœื™ื.
02:39
Moles are hard for students to understand because they have a hard time
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ืงืฉื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื• ืžื•ืœ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ื
02:42
picturing the size of a mole,
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ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœ,
02:44
or of 602 sextillion.
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ืื• ืฉืœ 602 ืกืงืกื˜ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
02:46
It's just too big to wrap our brains around.
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื•.
02:48
Remember our 18.01 milliliters of water?
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”-18.01 ืžื™ืœื™ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•?
02:51
Well, that's a mole of water.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื.
02:53
But how much is that?
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื–ื”?
02:55
Exactly what does 602 sextillion look like?
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ืื™ืš ื ืจืื™ื 602 ืกืงืกื˜ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ?
02:58
Maybe this'll help.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ.
03:00
Exchange the water particles for donuts.
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ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื’ื ื™ื•ืช.
03:02
If you had a mole of donuts, they would cover the entire earth
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ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืžื•ืœ ืกื•ืคื’ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
03:05
to a depth of eight kilometers,
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ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
03:07
which is about five miles.
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ืฉื”ื ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื.
03:09
You really need a lot of coffee for that.
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ืชื–ื“ืงืงื• ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืคื” ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ...
03:11
If you had a mole of basketballs, you could create a new planet
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ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืžื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืกืœ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ื—ื“ืฉ
03:14
the size of the earth.
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ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:16
If you received a mole of pennies on the day you were born and spent a million dollars
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ื•ืœื“ืชื ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”
03:20
a second until the day you died at the age of 100, you would still have more than 99.99%
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ืขื“ ืœื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชื›ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 100, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-99.99%
03:25
of your money in the bank.
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ืžื›ืกืคื›ื ื‘ื‘ื ืง.
03:27
OK. Now we sort of have an idea how large the mole is.
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ืื•ืงื™. ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœ.
03:30
So how do we use it?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•?
03:32
You might be surprised to know that chemists use it the same way
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืคืชืขื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉื›ื™ืžืื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš
03:34
you use pounds to buy grapes, deli meat, or eggs.
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ืฉืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืฉืจ ืื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื.
03:37
When you go to the grocery store, you don't go to the deli counter
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืœืช, ืืชื ืœื ื ื™ื’ืฉื™ื ืœื“ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืขื“ื ื™ื™ื”
03:40
and ask for 43 slices of salami, you buy your salami by the pound.
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ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื 43 ืคืจื•ืกื•ืช ืกืœืžื™. ืืชื ืงื•ื ื™ื ืกืœืžื™ ืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•.
03:43
When you buy your eggs, you buy a dozen eggs.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื, ืืชื ืงื•ื ื™ื ืชืจื™ืกืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื.
03:46
When we hear the word dozen, we probably think of the number 12.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืชืจื™ืกืจ, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ 12.
03:49
We also know that a pair is two,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื’ ื”ื•ื 2,
03:52
a baker's dozen is 13,
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ื•ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื™ื ื”ื•ื 13,
03:54
a gross is 144, and a ream of paper is - anybody?
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gross ื”ื•ื 144, ื•ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ื ื™ื™ืจ - ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข?
03:57
A ream is 500.
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ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ืžื›ื™ืœื” 500 ื“ืคื™ื.
04:00
Well, a mole is really the same thing.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื•ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
04:02
For a chemist, a mole conjures up the number 6.02 times 10 to the 23rd,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืžืื™ื, ืžื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืžืกืคืจ 6.02 ื›ืคื•ืœ 10 ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช 23,
04:06
not a fuzzy little animal. The only difference is
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ื•ืœื ื—ื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืคืœื•ืžืชื™ืช.
04:09
that the other quantities are more familiar to us.
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื›ืžื•ื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืœื ื•.
04:12
So there you have it - the story of the mole,
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœ,
04:14
Avogadro, basketballs, and how to buy salami at the grocery store.
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ืื‘ื•ื’ื“ืจื•, ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืกืœ, ื•ืื™ืš ืœืงื ื•ืช ืกืœืžื™ ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืœืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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