How to spot a pyramid scheme - Stacie Bosley

6,032,720 views ใƒป 2019-04-02

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
In 2004,
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ื‘-2004,
00:08
a new company called Vemma Nutrition
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ื•ืžื” ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ืฉืŸ
00:10
started offering a life-changing opportunity
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžืฉื ืช ื—ื™ื™ื
00:13
to earn full time income for part time work.
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ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช.
00:17
Vemmaโ€™s offer was open to everybody,
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ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœื›ื•ืœื,
00:19
regardless of prior experience or education.
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ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ืื• ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
00:22
There were only two steps to start get started earning:
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ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืจืง ืฉื ื™ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—:
00:25
purchase a $500-600 kit of their liquid nutrition products,
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ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 500-600$ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืกืคื™ ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
00:29
and recruit two more members to do the same.
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ื•ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืฉื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
00:32
Vemma Nutrition Company grew quickly,
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ื—ื‘ืจืช ื•ื•ืžื” ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ืฉืŸ ื’ื“ืœื” ืžื”ืจ,
00:34
becoming a global operation
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
00:36
that brought in 30,000 new members per month at its peak.
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ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืื”, ื’ื™ื™ืกื” 30,000 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
00:41
There was just one problemโ€”
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื—ืช --
00:42
while the company generated $200 million of annual revenue by 2013,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ื™ืฆืจื” 200 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืจื•ื•ื— ืฉื ืชื™ ืขื“ 2013,
00:48
the vast majority of participants earned less than they paid in.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ืœืžื•.
00:52
Vemma was eventually charged with operating a pyramid scheme:
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ื•ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ืืฉืžื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื”ืคืขืœืช ืชืจืžื™ืช ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”:
00:56
a common type of fraud
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ืกื•ื’ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื ืื”
00:57
where members make money
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ื‘ื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ
00:58
by recruiting more people to buy in.
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ืžื’ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:01
Typically, the founder solicits an initial group of people
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ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ, ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืžืฉื“ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
01:04
to buy in and promote the scheme.
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ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื•ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืชืจืžื™ืช.
01:06
They are then encouraged to recruit others
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ื•ืื–, ื”ื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืื—ืจื™ื
01:08
and promised part of the money those people invest,
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ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ืžื’ื•ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื™ืฉืงื™ืขื•,
01:12
while the founder also takes a share.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ื’ื ืœื•ืงื— ื—ืœืง.
01:14
The pattern repeats for each group of new participants,
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ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
01:17
with money from recent arrivals funneled to those who recruited them.
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ื›ืฉื”ื›ืกืฃ ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•ืขืœ ืœืืœื” ืฉื’ื™ื™ืกื• ืื•ืชื.
01:21
This differs from a Ponzi scheme,
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื•ื ืืช ืคื•ื ื–ื™,
01:23
where the founders recruit new members
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ืฉื ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืžื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
01:25
and secretly use their fees to pay existing members,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื•ื“ื™ ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื“ืžื™ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื,
01:28
who think the payments come from a legitimate investment.
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ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
01:32
As a pyramid scheme grows,
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ื›ืฉืชืจืžื™ืช ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ืœื”,
01:34
it becomes increasingly difficult for new recruits to make money.
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ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื›ืกืฃ.
01:37
Thatโ€™s because the number of participants expands exponentially.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช.
01:42
Take a structure where each person has to recruit six more to earn a profit.
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ืงื—ื• ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืฉื™ืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—.
01:46
The founder recruits six people to start,
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ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืžื’ื™ื™ืก ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
01:49
and each of them recruits six more.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžื’ื™ื™ืก ืฉื™ืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
01:51
There are 36 people in that second round of recruits,
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ื™ืฉ 36 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ื™ื™ืกื™ื,
01:54
who then each recruit 6 peopleโ€”
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ืฉืžื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืื– ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ 6 ืื ืฉื™ื --
01:57
a total of 216 new recruits.
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ืกืš ืฉืœ 216 ืžื’ื•ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
02:01
By the twelfth round of recruiting,
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ืขื“ ื”ืกื‘ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ื™ื™ืกื™ื,
02:03
the 2.1 billion newest members would have to recruit
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2.1 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืžื’ื•ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื’ื™ื™ืก
02:07
over 13 billion more people total to make moneyโ€“
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 13 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื›ืกืฃ --
02:11
more than the entire world population.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:14
In this scenario,
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ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”,
02:15
the most recent recruits,
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ื”ืžื’ื•ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
02:16
over 80% of the schemeโ€™s participants,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 80% ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืชืจืžื™ืช,
02:19
lose all the money they paid in.
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ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ืœืžื•.
02:22
And in real life,
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ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื,
02:23
many earlier joiners lose out too.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื.
02:27
Pyramid schemes are illegal in most countries,
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ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืŸ ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
02:29
but they can be difficult to detect.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™.
02:31
They are presented as many different things,
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ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื›ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
02:34
including gifting groups,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืชื ื•ืช,
02:36
investment clubs, and multi-level marketing businesses.
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ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื”, ื•ืขืกืงื™ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืจืฉืชื™.
02:39
The distinction between pyramid schemes and legitimate multi-level marketing
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ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืจืฉืชื™ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™
02:44
can be particularly hazy.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉืช.
02:46
In theory, the difference is that
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ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื
02:47
the members of the multi-level marketing companies
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ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืจืฉืชื™
02:50
primarily earn compensation from selling a particular product or a service
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ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืžื›ื™ืจืช ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
02:54
to retail customers,
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ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืงึดืžึฐืขื•ึนื ึธืึดื™ื,
02:56
while pyramid schemes primarily compensate members for recruitment of new sellers.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื’ื™ื•ืก ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
03:01
In practice, though,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ,
03:02
many multi-level marketing companies make it all but impossible
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืจืฉืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
03:05
for members to profit purely through sales.
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ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืจืง ืžืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช.
03:08
And many pyramid schemes, like Vemma Nutrition,
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”, ื›ืžื• ื•ื•ืžื” ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ืฉืŸ,
03:11
disguise themselves as legal multi-level marketing businesses,
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ืžืกื•ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื›ืขืกืงื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืจืฉืชื™,
03:15
using a product or service to hide the pay-and-recruit structure.
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ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืœืžื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื.
03:19
Many pyramid schemes also capitalize on already existing trust within churches,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื•ืช ื’ื ืžืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช,
03:25
immigrant communities, or other tightly knit groups.
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ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
03:28
The first few members are encouraged to report a good experience
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ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืœืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
03:32
before they actually start making a profit.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—.
03:34
Others in their network follow their example,
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื,
03:37
and the schemes balloon in size
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ื•ื”ืชืจืžื™ืช ืžืชื ืคื—ืช
03:39
before it comes clear that most members arenโ€™t actually profiting.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื.
03:43
Often, the victims are embarrassed into silence.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืงื˜.
03:46
Pyramid schemes entice people with the promise of opportunity and empowerment.
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ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ื—.
03:51
So when members donโ€™t end up making money,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืžื’ื•ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืœื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืกืฃ,
03:53
they can blame themselves rather than the scheme,
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ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืจืžื™ืช,
03:56
thinking they werenโ€™t tenacious enough to earn the returns promised.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื˜ื—.
04:00
Some victims keep trying,
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ื›ืžื” ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช,
04:02
investing in multiple schemes,
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ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
04:04
and losing money each time.
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ื•ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ื›ืœ ืคืขื.
04:06
In spite of all these factors,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
04:08
there are ways to spot a pyramid scheme.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื”.
04:11
Time pressure is one red flagโ€”
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ืœื—ืฅ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ื’ืœ ืื“ื•ื ืื—ื“ --
04:13
be wary of directives to โ€œact now or miss a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.โ€
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ืชื™ื–ื”ืจื• ืžื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• "ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื• ืœืื‘ื“ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืขื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื."
04:19
Promises of large, life-altering amounts of income are also suspect.
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ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ืœืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื—ืฉื•ื“ื•ืช.
04:24
And finally, a legitimate multi-level marketing business
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืจืฉืชื™ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™
04:28
shouldnโ€™t require members to pay for the opportunity to sell a product or service.
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ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœืฉืœื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืฉืจื•ืช.
04:33
Pyramid schemes can be incredibly destructive to individuals,
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ืชืจืžื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื,
04:37
communities, and even entire countries.
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ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช.
04:40
But you can fight fire with fire
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืืฉ ืขื ืืฉ
04:42
by sending this video to three people you know,
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ืื ืชืฉืœื—ื• ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื,
04:45
and encouraging them to do the same.
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ื•ืชืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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