How to spot a pyramid scheme - Stacie Bosley

6,108,418 views ・ 2019-04-02

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Seungho Shin κ²€ν† : Won Jang
00:07
In 2004,
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2004년에
00:08
a new company called Vemma Nutrition
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베마 λ‰΄νŠΈλ¦¬μ…˜μ΄λΌλŠ” 신생 기업이
00:10
started offering a life-changing opportunity
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μ •κ·œμ§ 직원 만큼의 μ†Œλ“μ„ 벌 수 μžˆλŠ”
00:13
to earn full time income for part time work.
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ꡉμž₯ν•œ μ•„λ₯΄λ°”μ΄νŠΈ 기회λ₯Ό μ£ΌκΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
Vemma’s offer was open to everybody,
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λ² λ§ˆλŠ” κ²½λ ₯μ΄λ‚˜ ν•™λ ₯κ³Ό 상관없이
00:19
regardless of prior experience or education.
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λˆ„κ΅¬μ—κ²Œλ‚˜ 일을 μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
There were only two steps to start get started earning:
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μˆ˜μž…μ„ μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  일은 두 κ°€μ§€λ‘œ κ°„λ‹¨ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
purchase a $500-600 kit of their liquid nutrition products,
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νšŒμ‚¬ μƒν’ˆμΈ 500-600λ‹¬λŸ¬μ˜ 앑상 건강 보쑰 μ‹ν’ˆμ„ 사고
00:29
and recruit two more members to do the same.
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두 λͺ…μ˜ 멀버λ₯Ό 더 λͺ¨μ§‘ν•΄μ™€μ„œ λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 일을 ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
00:32
Vemma Nutrition Company grew quickly,
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베마 λ‰΄νŠΈλ¦¬μ…˜ μ‚¬λŠ” κΈ‰μ†λ„λ‘œ μ„±μž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:34
becoming a global operation
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μ „μ„±κΈ° λ•ŒλŠ” 맀달 3만 λͺ…μ˜
00:36
that brought in 30,000 new members per month at its peak.
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μ‹ μž… 멀버듀을 λͺ¨μ•„ ꡭ제적 기업이 될 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
00:41
There was just one problemβ€”
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ ν•˜λ‚˜ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:42
while the company generated $200 million of annual revenue by 2013,
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2013년이 되자 λ§€λ…„ 2μ–΅ λ‹¬λŸ¬μ˜ μ˜μ—… 이읡을 μ–»κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
00:48
the vast majority of participants earned less than they paid in.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 직원듀은 λ‚Έ λˆλ³΄λ‹€ 적은 λˆμ„ 벌고 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
Vemma was eventually charged with operating a pyramid scheme:
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λ² λ§ˆλŠ” κ²°κ΅­ 닀단계 혐의둜 κΈ°μ†Œλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
a common type of fraud
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멀버듀이 더 λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μ°Έμ—¬μ‹œμΌœ
00:57
where members make money
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물건을 μ‚¬κ²Œ ν•˜μ—¬ λˆμ„ λ²„λŠ”
00:58
by recruiting more people to buy in.
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ν”ν•œ 사기 μˆ˜λ²•μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
01:01
Typically, the founder solicits an initial group of people
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보톡 μ°½λ¦½μžλŠ” 초창기 νšŒμ›λ“€μ—κ²Œ 물건을 사고
01:04
to buy in and promote the scheme.
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사업을 ν™λ³΄ν•˜κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
They are then encouraged to recruit others
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그러면 그듀은 인원을 λͺ¨μ§‘ν•΄μ™€μ„œ
01:08
and promised part of the money those people invest,
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그듀이 νˆ¬μžν•œ κΈˆμ•‘μ˜ 일뢀뢄을 보μž₯λ°›κ³ 
01:12
while the founder also takes a share.
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창립자 λ˜ν•œ 일정 뢀뢄을 κ°€μ Έκ°€κ²Œ λ˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
01:14
The pattern repeats for each group of new participants,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 양상은 각 λ‹¨κ³„μ˜ μ‹ μž… νšŒμ›λ“€μ—κ²Œ 반볡적으둜 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λ©°
01:17
with money from recent arrivals funneled to those who recruited them.
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ν”ΌλΌλ―Έλ“œ ν•˜μΈ΅λΆ€ λ©€λ²„λ“€μ˜ 돈이 μƒμΈ΅λΆ€λ‘œ μ£Όμ–΄μ§€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
This differs from a Ponzi scheme,
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이 기법은 폰지 사기와 λ‹€λ₯Έλ°
01:23
where the founders recruit new members
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μ°½λ¦½μžλ“€μ΄ μƒˆ 멀버λ₯Ό λͺ¨μ§‘ν•΄μ˜€κ³ 
01:25
and secretly use their fees to pay existing members,
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λˆμ„ κΈ°μ‘΄ νšŒμ›λ“€μ„ μœ„ν•΄ κΈ΄λ°€νžˆ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ”λ°
01:28
who think the payments come from a legitimate investment.
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κΈ°μ‘΄ 멀버듀은 κ·Έ 돈이 κ·Έμ € κΉ¨λ—ν•œ 돈인 쀄 μ•„λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
01:32
As a pyramid scheme grows,
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닀단계가 점점 더 컀질수둝
01:34
it becomes increasingly difficult for new recruits to make money.
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μ‹ μž… 멀버듀이 μ΄μœ€μ„ μ°½μΆœν•˜λŠ” 것은 μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
That’s because the number of participants expands exponentially.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 인원이 κΈ°ν•˜κΈ‰μˆ˜μ μœΌλ‘œ μ¦κ°€ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
01:42
Take a structure where each person has to recruit six more to earn a profit.
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μ΄λŠ” ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λˆμ„ 벌기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 6λͺ…을 더 데렀와야 ν•˜λŠ” ꡬ쑰인데
01:46
The founder recruits six people to start,
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μ°½λ¦½μžλŠ” μ΄ˆμ°½κΈ°μ— 6인을 λͺ¨μ§‘ν–ˆμ„ 것이고
01:49
and each of them recruits six more.
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그듀은 λ˜ν•œ 6λͺ…을 더 데렀왔겠죠.
01:51
There are 36 people in that second round of recruits,
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2λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄μ„œκ²Œ 되면 36λͺ…이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:54
who then each recruit 6 peopleβ€”
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그듀은 λ˜λ‹€μ‹œ 6λͺ…μ”© 데리고 μ™€μ„œ
01:57
a total of 216 new recruits.
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총 216λͺ…μ˜ μ‹ μž… νšŒμ›μ΄ μƒκΉλ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:01
By the twelfth round of recruiting,
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12λ‹¨κΉŒμ§€
02:03
the 2.1 billion newest members would have to recruit
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μ•½ 21μ–΅ λͺ…μ˜ μ‹ μž… νšŒμ›λ“€μ΄ μ±„μš©λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λ©°
μ΄μœ€μ„ μ°½μΆœν•˜λ €λ©΄ 130μ–΅μ΄λΌλŠ” 인원이 λͺ¨μ§‘λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”λ°
02:07
over 13 billion more people total to make money–
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02:11
more than the entire world population.
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μ΄λŠ” 전세계 인ꡬλ₯Ό ν›Œμ© λ›°μ–΄λ„˜λŠ” 수치 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
In this scenario,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€λ‘œ λ³Ό λ•Œ,
02:15
the most recent recruits,
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μ „μ²΄μ˜ 80% 이상을 μ°¨μ§€ν•˜λŠ”
02:16
over 80% of the scheme’s participants,
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ‹ μž… νšŒμ›λ“€μ€
02:19
lose all the money they paid in.
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그듀이 νˆ¬μžν•œ λˆμ„ μžƒκ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
And in real life,
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ
02:23
many earlier joiners lose out too.
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초기 κ°€μž…μžλ“€ λ˜ν•œ λˆμ„ μžƒκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:27
Pyramid schemes are illegal in most countries,
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ κ΅­κ°€μ—μ„œλŠ” 닀단계가 λΆˆλ²•μ— μ†ν•˜λŠ”λ°
02:29
but they can be difficult to detect.
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이λ₯Ό 발견 ν•˜κΈ°λž€ 보톡 일이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
They are presented as many different things,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 그듀은 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ 사업을 κ΅¬ν˜„ν•΄λ‚˜κ°€λŠ”λ°
02:34
including gifting groups,
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μ„ λ¬Όμ΄λ‚˜
02:36
investment clubs, and multi-level marketing businesses.
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투자, 합법적인 닀단계 판맀 사업 λ“±μœΌλ‘œ 말이죠.
02:39
The distinction between pyramid schemes and legitimate multi-level marketing
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λΆˆλ²• 닀단계와 합법 닀단계 κ°„μ˜ μ°¨μ΄λŠ”
02:44
can be particularly hazy.
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ꡉμž₯히 λͺ¨ν˜Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
In theory, the difference is that
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μ΄λ‘ μƒμ˜ 차이λ₯Ό λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄
02:47
the members of the multi-level marketing companies
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합법적 닀단계 νšŒμ‚¬μ— μ†ν•œ νšŒμ›λ“€μ€
02:50
primarily earn compensation from selling a particular product or a service
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주둜 μ†Œλ§€ 업체에 νŠΉμ • μƒν’ˆμ΄λ‚˜ μ„œλΉ„μŠ€λ₯Ό νŒλ§€ν•˜μ—¬ μˆ˜μ΅μ„ λ‚΄λŠ” λ°˜λ©΄μ—
02:54
to retail customers,
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02:56
while pyramid schemes primarily compensate members for recruitment of new sellers.
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μ‹ μž… νšŒμ›μ„ λͺ¨μ§‘ν•΄ μ΄μœ€μ„ μ°½μΆœν•˜λŠ” 것이 λΆˆλ²•μ  닀단계죠.
03:01
In practice, though,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ”
03:02
many multi-level marketing companies make it all but impossible
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 합법적 닀단계 νšŒμ‚¬λ„ μˆœμ „νžˆ 판맀λ₯Ό 톡해
03:05
for members to profit purely through sales.
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νšŒμ›λ“€μ΄ 이득을 λ³΄κΈ°λž€ λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯에 κ°€κΉμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:08
And many pyramid schemes, like Vemma Nutrition,
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λ²„λ§ˆ λ‰΄νŠΈλ¦¬μ…˜μ‚¬μ™€ 같이 λ§Žμ€ λΆˆλ²•μ  닀단계 νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ€
03:11
disguise themselves as legal multi-level marketing businesses,
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합법적 닀단계 νšŒμ‚¬μΈμ–‘ μœ„μž₯ν•˜κ³ 
03:15
using a product or service to hide the pay-and-recruit structure.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ λͺ¨μ§‘ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό 감좔기 μœ„ν•΄ μƒν’ˆκ³Ό μ„œλΉ„μŠ€λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜κ³  있죠.
03:19
Many pyramid schemes also capitalize on already existing trust within churches,
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λ˜ν•œ 이듀은 ꡐ회, 이민자 집단 ν˜Ήμ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μœ λŒ€ 관계가 λˆλˆν•œ 집단 μ‚¬μ΄μ—μ„œ
03:25
immigrant communities, or other tightly knit groups.
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일찍이 μ‹ λ’°λ₯Ό κ΅¬μΆ•ν•˜μ—¬ μžμ‚°μ„ λΆˆλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
The first few members are encouraged to report a good experience
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초창기 멀버듀은 그듀이 본격적으둜 ν™œλ™μ„ μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κΈ° 전에
03:32
before they actually start making a profit.
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성곡담을 λ³΄κ³ ν•˜λ„λ‘ κΆŒμœ λ°›μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
Others in their network follow their example,
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그러면 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬μƒμ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ 멀버듀은 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ„ λ‘€λ₯Ό λ³Έλ°›μ•„
03:37
and the schemes balloon in size
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사업을 λ”μš± ν™•μž₯μ‹œν‚€κ²Œ λ˜λŠ”λ°
03:39
before it comes clear that most members aren’t actually profiting.
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이내 λŒ€λ‹€μˆ˜κ°€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ†Œλ“μ„ λ‚΄μ§€ λͺ»ν•œλ‹€λŠ”κ²ƒμ΄ λ°ν˜€μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
Often, the victims are embarrassed into silence.
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λ•Œλ‘œ 희생양듀은 μžμ±…κ°μ— μž…μ„ λ‹€λ¬Όκ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
Pyramid schemes entice people with the promise of opportunity and empowerment.
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닀단계 νšŒμ‚¬κ°€ κΈ°νšŒμ™€ ꢌ리 보μž₯을 νšŒμ›λ“€μ—κ²Œ μ•½μ†ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
03:51
So when members don’t end up making money,
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그듀이 λˆμ„ λ²Œμ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λ©΄
03:53
they can blame themselves rather than the scheme,
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νšŒμ‚¬ λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” 슀슀둜λ₯Ό μžμ±…ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
thinking they weren’t tenacious enough to earn the returns promised.
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μžμ‹ μ΄ μ•½μ†λœ κΈˆμ•‘μ„ 벌 만큼 κ²°μ—°ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€κ³  μ›λ§ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ§€μš”.
04:00
Some victims keep trying,
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ 희생양듀은 κΎΈμ€€νžˆ λ…Έλ ₯을 ν•˜κ³ 
04:02
investing in multiple schemes,
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ— νˆ¬μžλ„ ν•΄λ³΄μ§€λ§Œ
04:04
and losing money each time.
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맀번 λˆμ„ μžƒκ³  λ§™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:06
In spite of all these factors,
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이런 μš”κ±΄λ“€μ΄ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
04:08
there are ways to spot a pyramid scheme.
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닀단계 νšŒμ‚¬λ₯Ό κ΅¬λ³„ν•˜λŠ” 길이 있긴 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
Time pressure is one red flagβ€”
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μ‹œκ°„ 압박은 κ²½κ³  μ‹ ν˜Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
be wary of directives to β€œact now or miss a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity.”
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"μΌμƒμ˜ ν•œ 번 뿐인 기회λ₯Ό λ†“μΉ˜μ§€ λ§ˆμ„Έμš”"와 같은 λͺ…령에 μ£Όμ˜ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
Promises of large, life-altering amounts of income are also suspect.
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μΌν™•μ²œκΈˆμ΄λ‚˜ 삢을 ν•œ 방에 λ³€ν™” μ‹œν‚€λŠ” κΈˆμ•‘μ„ 보μž₯ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 말도 μ˜μ‹¬ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜κ³ 
04:24
And finally, a legitimate multi-level marketing business
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ 합법적 닀단계 νšŒμ‚¬μ˜ 경우
04:28
shouldn’t require members to pay for the opportunity to sell a product or service.
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μ œν’ˆκ³Ό μ„œλΉ„μŠ€λ₯Ό νŒ” 기회λ₯Ό μ€€λ‹€λ©° λˆμ„ μ§€λΆˆν•˜λ„λ‘ μš”κ΅¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
Pyramid schemes can be incredibly destructive to individuals,
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닀단계 νšŒμ‚¬λŠ” ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ 삢을 무참히 파괴 μ‹œν‚¬ 수 있으며
04:37
communities, and even entire countries.
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μ§€μ—­μ‚¬νšŒλ₯Ό λ„˜μ–΄ κ΅­κ°€κΉŒμ§€λ„ 삼킬 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:40
But you can fight fire with fire
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄μ—λŠ” μ΄λΌλŠ” 말이 μžˆλ“―μ΄,
04:42
by sending this video to three people you know,
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이 μ˜μƒμ„ λ‹Ήμ‹  μ£Όμœ„ 3λͺ…μ—κ²Œ 보내고
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and encouraging them to do the same.
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κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ λ˜‘κ°™μ΄ ν•˜λ„λ‘ λ…λ €ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ λ§žμ„œ μ‹ΈμšΈ 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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