How does chemotherapy work? - Hyunsoo Joshua No

5,399,993 views ใƒป 2019-12-05

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
During World War I, one of the horrors of trench warfare
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืื—ืช ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ืžืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช
00:11
was a poisonous yellow cloud called mustard gas.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื ืŸ ื”ืฆื”ื‘ื”ื‘ ื”ืจืขื™ืœ ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ื– ื—ืจื“ืœ.
00:15
For those unlucky enough to be exposed,
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ืœื—ืกืจื™ ื”ืžื–ืœ ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื• ืืœื™ื•,
00:18
it made the air impossible to breathe, burned their eyes,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ืžื”, ืฉืจืฃ ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื,
00:21
and caused huge blisters on exposed skin.
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ื•ื’ืจื ืœืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ.
00:26
Scientists tried desperately to develop an antidote to this vicious weapon of war.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช ืœืคืชื— ื ื•ื’ื“ืŸ ืœื ืฉืง ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ ื”ื–ื”.
00:31
In the process they discovered the gas was irrevocably damaging the bone marrow
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื’ื– ืคื’ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ืš ื‘ืžื— ื”ืขืฆื
00:37
of affected soldiersโ€” halting its ability to make blood cells.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื• ืืœื™ื• -- ืžื” ืฉืžื ืข ืžื”ื ืœืคืชื— ืชืื™ ื“ื.
00:41
Despite these awful effects, it gave scientists an idea.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
00:46
Cancer cells share a characteristic with bone marrow: both replicate rapidly.
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ืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืžื— ื”ืขืฆื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืฉืชื›ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
00:52
So could one of the atrocities of war
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ืื– ื”ืื ืื—ืช ืžื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”
00:55
become a champion in the fight against cancer?
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ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ?
00:58
Researchers in the 1930s investigated this idea
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื—ืงืจื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
01:01
by injecting compounds derived from mustard gas
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ืจืงืช ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื– ื”ื—ืจื“ืœ
01:05
into the veins of cancer patients.
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ืœื•ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
01:07
It took time and trial and error to find treatments that did more good than harm,
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ื–ื” ืœืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื˜ืขื™ื” ืขื“ ืฉืžืฆืื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืขื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื–ื™ืงื•,
01:12
but by the end of World War II,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
01:14
they discovered what became known as the first chemotherapy drugs.
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื›ืชืจื•ืคืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
01:20
Today, there are more than 100.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
01:22
Chemotherapy drugs are delivered through pills and injections
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื–ืจื™ืงื•ืช
01:26
and use "cytotoxic agents," which means compounds that are toxic to living cells.
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ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘"ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื•ืงืกื™ื™ื," ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืชืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:32
Essentially, these medicines cause some level of harm to all cells in the bodyโ€”
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืชืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ --
01:38
even healthy ones.
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ื’ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื.
01:39
But they reserve their most powerful effects for rapidly-dividing cells,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืชืื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
01:44
which is precisely the hallmark of cancer.
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ืฉื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
01:48
Take, for example, those first chemotherapy drugs,
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
01:51
which are still used today and are called alkylating agents.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื•ื ืงืจืื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืืœืงืœื™ื.
01:55
Theyโ€™re injected into the bloodstream,
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ื”ื ืžื•ื–ืจืงื™ื ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื,
01:57
which delivers them to cells all over the body.
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ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืชืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
02:00
Once inside, when the cell exposes its DNA in order to copy it,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืืช ื”-DNA ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ืคืœื•,
02:05
they damage the building blocks of DNAโ€™s double helix structure,
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ื”ื ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืœื™ืœ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”-DNA,
02:09
which can lead to cell death unless the damage is repaired.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืชืื™, ืืœื ืื ื”ื ื–ืง ืžืชื•ืงืŸ.
02:13
Because cancer cells multiply rapidly,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืฉืชื›ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
02:16
they take in a high concentration of alkylating agents,
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ื”ื ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžืืœืงืœื™ื,
02:20
and their DNA is frequently exposed and rarely repaired.
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ื•ื”-DNA ืฉืœื”ื ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื•ืžืชื•ืงืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจ.
02:24
So they die off more often than most other cells,
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ืื– ื”ื ืžืชื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืชืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:27
which have time to fix damaged DNA
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”-DNA ืฉืœื”ื,
02:30
and donโ€™t accumulate the same concentrations of alkylating agents.
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ื•ืœื ืฆื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืืœืงืœื™ื.
02:34
Another form of chemotherapy involves compounds called microtubule stabilizers.
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ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืœื™ื.
02:40
Cells have small tubes that assemble to help with cell division
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ืœืชืื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืงื‘ืฆื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืชื
02:44
and DNA replication, then break back down.
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ื•ื‘ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ DNA, ื•ืื– ืžืชืคืจืงื•ืช.
02:47
When microtubule stabilizers get inside a cell,
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ื›ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชื,
02:50
they keep those tiny tubes from disassembling.
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ื”ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ืžืœื”ืชืคืจืง.
02:54
That prevents the cell from completing its replication, leading to its death.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ืชื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ, ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื•ืชื•.
02:59
These are just two examples of the six classes of chemotherapy drugs
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ืืœื• ืจืง ืฉืชื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืฉืฉืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื•ืช
03:03
we use to treat cancer today.
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:06
But despite its huge benefits, chemotherapy has one big disadvantage:
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ืœื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ:
03:11
it affects other healthy cells in the body that naturally have to renew rapidly.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืชืื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
03:16
Hair follicles, the cells of the mouth, the gastrointestinal lining,
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ื–ืงื™ืงื™ ืฉื™ืขืจ, ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืคื”, ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ,
03:21
the reproductive system, and bone marrow are hit nearly as hard as cancer.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื”, ื•ืžื— ื”ืขืฆื ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
03:27
Similar to cancer cells, the rapid production of these normal cells
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ื”ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”
03:31
means that theyโ€™re reaching for resources more frequentlyโ€”
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ืžืฉืžืขื” ืฉื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื›ื™ืคื•ืช --
03:34
and are therefore more exposed to the effects of chemo drugs.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื•.
03:38
That leads to several common side effects of chemotherapy,
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื”,
03:42
including hair loss, fatigue, infertility, nausea, and vomiting.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขืจ, ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ื”ืงืื•ืช.
03:47
Doctors commonly prescribe options to help manage these side-effects,
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืจื•ืฉืžื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืืœื•,
03:51
such as strong anti-nausea medications.
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ื›ืžื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืœื”.
03:54
For hair loss, devices called cold caps can help lower the temperature
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ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืขืจ, ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืงืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”
03:58
around the head and constrict blood vessels,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ืœื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื,
04:01
limiting the amount of chemotherapy drugs that reach hair follicles.
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื–ืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ.
04:05
And once a course of chemo treatment is over,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื›ื™ืžื• ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช,
04:08
the healthy tissues thatโ€™ve been badly affected by the drug will recover
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ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
04:12
and begin to renew as usual.
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ืžืฉืชืงืžื•ืช ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ.
04:15
In 2018 alone, over 17 million people world-wide received a cancer diagnosis.
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ื‘-2018 ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-17 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื•ื‘ื—ื ื• ืขื ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
04:21
But chemotherapy and other treatments have changed the outlook for so many.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื.
04:26
Just take the fact that up to 95% of individuals with testicular cancer
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉ-95% ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืืฉื›ื™ื
04:31
survive it, thanks to advances in treatment.
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ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื.
04:34
Even in people with acute myeloid leukemiaโ€” an aggressive blood cancerโ€”
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืœื•ืงืžื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื— ื”ืขืฆื - ืฉื”ื™ื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื“ื ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ --
04:39
chemotherapy puts an estimated 60% of patients under 60
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ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” 60% ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ื’ื™ืœ 60
04:43
into remission following their first phase of treatment.
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ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
04:47
Researchers are still developing more precise interventions
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื•ืช
04:51
that only target the intended cancer cells.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืจืง ืืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
04:54
Thatโ€™ll help improve survival rates while leaving healthy tissues
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ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืจืงืžื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”
04:58
with reduced harm,
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ืชื•ืš ื ื–ืง ืžื•ืคื—ืช,
04:59
making one of the best tools we have in the fight against cancer even better.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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