How does chemotherapy work? - Hyunsoo Joshua No

5,532,189 views ใƒป 2019-12-05

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jimin Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Yunjung Nam
00:06
During World War I, one of the horrors of trench warfare
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์ œ1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ค‘ ๋…ธ๋ž€ ๋…์„ฑ ๊ฐ€์Šค๋Š” ๋จธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋“œ ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:11
was a poisonous yellow cloud called mustard gas.
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์ฐธํ˜ธ์ „์˜ ๊ณตํฌ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
For those unlucky enough to be exposed,
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์šด์ด ๋‚˜์˜๊ฒŒ ์ด ๊ฐ€์Šค์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
00:18
it made the air impossible to breathe, burned their eyes,
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์ˆจ์„ ์‰ด ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ˆˆ์ด ํƒ€๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•œ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
00:21
and caused huge blisters on exposed skin.
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๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๋ฌผ์ง‘์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
Scientists tried desperately to develop an antidote to this vicious weapon of war.
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์ด ์ž”์ธํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•ด๋…์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
In the process they discovered the gas was irrevocably damaging the bone marrow
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๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์Šค์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณจ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ฐ€์—ญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†์ƒ๋˜์–ด
00:37
of affected soldiersโ€” halting its ability to make blood cells.
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ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
Despite these awful effects, it gave scientists an idea.
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๋น„๋ก ๊ทธ ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ๋”์ฐํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
์ด๋กœ์จ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
Cancer cells share a characteristic with bone marrow: both replicate rapidly.
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์•”์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์™€ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ณตํ†ต์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋ถ„์—ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด์ฃ .
00:52
So could one of the atrocities of war
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ๋น„๊ทน์ด
00:55
become a champion in the fight against cancer?
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์•”๊ณผ์˜ ์‹ธ์›€์—์„œ ๊ณต์„ ์„ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:58
Researchers in the 1930s investigated this idea
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1930๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„
01:01
by injecting compounds derived from mustard gas
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๋จธ์Šคํƒ€๋“œ ๊ฐ€์Šค์—์„œ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ์•”ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์†์— ์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
01:05
into the veins of cancer patients.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:07
It took time and trial and error to find treatments that did more good than harm,
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ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜
01:12
but by the end of World War II,
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์ œ2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์ด ๋๋‚  ์ฆˆ์Œ์—๋Š”,
01:14
they discovered what became known as the first chemotherapy drugs.
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์ฒซ ํ™”ํ•™ ์š”๋ฒ• ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
Today, there are more than 100.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ 100๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์ƒ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ฃ .
01:22
Chemotherapy drugs are delivered through pills and injections
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ํ™”ํ•™ ์š”๋ฒ•์€ ์•ฝ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋ฉฐ,
01:26
and use "cytotoxic agents," which means compounds that are toxic to living cells.
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์— ์œ ๋…ํ•œ "์„ธํฌ๋…์„ฑ์ œ"๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
Essentially, these medicines cause some level of harm to all cells in the bodyโ€”
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ธํฌ์— ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์ •๋„์˜ ์œ„ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
even healthy ones.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋งˆ์ €๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:39
But they reserve their most powerful effects for rapidly-dividing cells,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์—ดํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:44
which is precisely the hallmark of cancer.
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์ด๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์•”์„ธํฌ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
Take, for example, those first chemotherapy drugs,
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์ฒซ ํ™”ํ•™ ์š”๋ฒ• ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:51
which are still used today and are called alkylating agents.
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์•Œํ‚ฌํ™”์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„์žฌ๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:55
Theyโ€™re injected into the bloodstream,
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ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์— ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋œ ์•Œํ‚ฌํ™”์ œ๋Š”
01:57
which delivers them to cells all over the body.
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ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜จ ๋ชธ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
Once inside, when the cell exposes its DNA in order to copy it,
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์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด DNA๋ฅผ ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด,
02:05
they damage the building blocks of DNAโ€™s double helix structure,
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์•Œํ‚ฌํ™”์ œ๋Š” DNA์˜ ์ด์ค‘ ๋‚˜์„  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ง๊ฐ€๋œจ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
which can lead to cell death unless the damage is repaired.
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์ด ์†์ƒ์ด ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:13
Because cancer cells multiply rapidly,
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์•”์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์—ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
02:16
they take in a high concentration of alkylating agents,
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์•Œํ‚ฌํ™”์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์œ„์— ๋ชจ์—ฌ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
and their DNA is frequently exposed and rarely repaired.
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์ด๋“ค์˜ DNA๋Š” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
02:24
So they die off more often than most other cells,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ฃฝ์–ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด,
02:27
which have time to fix damaged DNA
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์†์ƒ๋œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
and donโ€™t accumulate the same concentrations of alkylating agents.
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์•Œํ‚ฌํ™”์ œ์˜ ํฌํ™”๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:34
Another form of chemotherapy involves compounds called microtubule stabilizers.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™”ํ•™ ์š”๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ด€ ์•ˆ์ •์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
Cells have small tubes that assemble to help with cell division
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„์—ด๊ณผ DNA ๋ณต์ œ๋ฅผ ์„œ๋กœ ๋•๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜๋Š”
02:44
and DNA replication, then break back down.
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์ž‘์€ ๊ด€๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
When microtubule stabilizers get inside a cell,
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๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ด€ ์•ˆ์ •์ œ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ํ›„
02:50
they keep those tiny tubes from disassembling.
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์•„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
That prevents the cell from completing its replication, leading to its death.
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์ด๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„์—ด์˜ ์™„์„ฑ์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
02:59
These are just two examples of the six classes of chemotherapy drugs
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์•”์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” 6๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ์š”๋ฒ• ์ค‘
03:03
we use to treat cancer today.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
But despite its huge benefits, chemotherapy has one big disadvantage:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํฐ ์žฅ์ ๋“ค์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ํ™”ํ•™ ์š”๋ฒ•์—๋Š” ํฐ ๋‹จ์ ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
03:11
it affects other healthy cells in the body that naturally have to renew rapidly.
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์›๋ž˜ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ž๋ผ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:16
Hair follicles, the cells of the mouth, the gastrointestinal lining,
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๋ชจ๋‚ญ, ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ์„ธํฌ, ์œ„์žฅ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฒฝ,
03:21
the reproductive system, and bone marrow are hit nearly as hard as cancer.
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์ƒ์‹๊ณ„์™€ ๊ณจ์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ์€ ์•”์„ธํฌ ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ž…์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
Similar to cancer cells, the rapid production of these normal cells
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์•”์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์€
03:31
means that theyโ€™re reaching for resources more frequentlyโ€”
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์ž์›์„ ๋” ์ž์ฃผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
03:34
and are therefore more exposed to the effects of chemo drugs.
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์ด๋กœ์จ ํ™”ํ•™ ์š”๋ฒ• ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
That leads to several common side effects of chemotherapy,
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ํ™”ํ•™ ์š”๋ฒ•์˜ ํ”ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
including hair loss, fatigue, infertility, nausea, and vomiting.
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ํƒˆ๋ชจ, ํ”ผ๋กœ, ๋ถˆ์ž„, ๋ฉ”์Šค๊บผ์›€, ๊ตฌํ†  ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฆ์ƒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:47
Doctors commonly prescribe options to help manage these side-effects,
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๋ณดํ†ต ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ฒฌ๋””๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š”
03:51
such as strong anti-nausea medications.
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๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ตฌํ†  ๋ฐฉ์ง€์•ฝ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
For hair loss, devices called cold caps can help lower the temperature
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๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ์บก์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๋Š” ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถฐ
03:58
around the head and constrict blood vessels,
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ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์„ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
04:01
limiting the amount of chemotherapy drugs that reach hair follicles.
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๋ชจ๋‚ญ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ์–‘์„ ์ œํ•œํ•ด ํƒˆ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
And once a course of chemo treatment is over,
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ํ™”ํ•™ ์š”๋ฒ• ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋ฉด,
04:08
the healthy tissues thatโ€™ve been badly affected by the drug will recover
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์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ์•…์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ •์ƒ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์–ด
04:12
and begin to renew as usual.
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ํ‰์†Œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
In 2018 alone, over 17 million people world-wide received a cancer diagnosis.
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2018๋…„์—๋งŒ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ 1,700๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
์•” ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
But chemotherapy and other treatments have changed the outlook for so many.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™”ํ•™ ์š”๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•๋“ค์€
๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
Just take the fact that up to 95% of individuals with testicular cancer
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95%์˜ ๊ณ ํ™˜์•” ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€
04:31
survive it, thanks to advances in treatment.
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์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋งŒ ๋ด๋„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:34
Even in people with acute myeloid leukemiaโ€” an aggressive blood cancerโ€”
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๊ธ‰์„ฑ ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๋ณ‘์—์„œ๋„
04:39
chemotherapy puts an estimated 60% of patients under 60
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60์„ธ ์ดํ•˜ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์•ฝ 60%๊ฐ€ ํ™”ํ•™ ์š”๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
04:43
into remission following their first phase of treatment.
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์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ฐจ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
Researchers are still developing more precise interventions
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์•„์ง๋„ ํŠน์ • ์•”์„ธํฌ๋งŒ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
04:51
that only target the intended cancer cells.
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๋” ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
Thatโ€™ll help improve survival rates while leaving healthy tissues
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์กฐ์ง๋“ค์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ƒ์กด๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ
04:58
with reduced harm,
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์•”๊ณผ์˜ ์‹ธ์›€์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ
04:59
making one of the best tools we have in the fight against cancer even better.
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์ข€ ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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