An athlete uses physics to shatter world records - Asaf Bar-Yosef

2,125,480 views ใƒป 2014-02-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
In the early 1960s,
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60,
00:08
Dick Fosbury tried his hand at almost every sport,
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ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืกื‘ืจื™ ื ื™ืกื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืขื ืฃ ืกืคื•ืจื˜,
00:12
but never excelled at anything,
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ืืš ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ,
00:14
until, at the age of 16, he turned to the high jump.
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ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื’ื™ืœ 16 ืคื ื” ืœืขื ืฃ ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื’ื•ื‘ื”.
00:17
But when he couldn't compete against
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ืืš ื›ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช
00:19
the strong athletes at his college
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ืžื•ืœ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” ืฉืœื•,
00:21
using the standard high jump techniques of the time,
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ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื”-ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื,
00:24
Fosbury tried to jump a different way: backwards.
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ืคื•ืกื‘ืจื™ ื ื™ืกื” ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”: ืœืื—ื•ืจ.
00:28
Instead of jumping with his face towards the bar,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ื›ืฉืคื ื™ื• ืืœ ื”ืจืฃ,
00:30
bringing each leg over in the
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ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืจื’ืœ ืื—ืจ ืจื’ืœ
00:32
traditional straddle method,
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ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืฃ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช,
00:33
he jumped with his back towards the bar.
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ื”ื•ื ืงืคืฅ ื›ืฉื’ื‘ื• ืืœ ื”ืจืฃ.
00:36
Fosbury improved his record by over half a foot,
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ืคื•ืกื‘ืจื™ ืฉื™ืคืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-15 ืก"ืž,
00:40
and left his coaches amazed
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ื•ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืžื™ื
00:42
by this strange new style of high jumping.
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ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื”-ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœื•.
00:45
During the next few years,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
00:46
Fosbury perfected his high jump style,
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ืคื•ืกื‘ืจื™ ืฉื™ื›ืœืœ ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื”-ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื•,
00:48
won the U.S. National trials,
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ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื-ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘
00:50
and assured his place in the 1968 Olympics in Mexico.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ืช ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ืฉืœ 1968.
00:55
In the Olympic Games, Fosbury amazed the world
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ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื™ื ื”ื“ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืกื‘ืจื™ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
00:57
with his new technique, winning a gold metal
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ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœื• ื•ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื–ื”ื‘
01:00
with an Olympic record leap of 2.24 meters.
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ื‘ืฉื™ื ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ืฉืœ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” 2.24 ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
01:04
By the next Olympic Games,
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ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื,
01:05
almost all of the competing of high jumpers
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื’ื•ื‘ื”
01:07
had adopted what came to be known as
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ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืงืจื
01:09
the Fosbury Flop.
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"ืงืคื™ืฆืช ืคื•ืกื‘ืจื™".
01:11
What's the secret behind the technique?
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ืžื”ื• ืกื•ื“ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื”?
01:13
It lies in a physics concept
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ื”ืกื•ื“ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™
01:15
called the center of mass.
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ื”ืงืจื•ื™ "ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื”".
01:17
For every object,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืฆื
01:18
we can locate the average position of all of its mass
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืืชืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœื•
01:21
by taking into account how the mass
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ืข"ื™ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืžืกื”
01:23
is spread around the object.
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ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขืฆื.
01:26
For instance, the center of mass
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื”
01:27
of a flat, rectangular object of uniform density
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ืฉืœ ืขืฆื ืฉื˜ื•ื— ื•ืžืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื”
01:31
will be in the intersection of both diagonals,
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืืœื›ืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•,
01:33
in equal distance from each corner.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉื•ื•ื” ืžื›ืœ ืคื™ื ื”.
01:36
We can find the center of mass for other objects
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
01:38
by similar calculations,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื,
01:40
or by finding the object's balancing point,
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ืื• ืข"ื™ ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื,
01:42
which lies right underneath its center of mass.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœื•.
01:45
Try balancing a broom by holding it
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ื ืกื• ืœืื–ืŸ ืžื˜ืื˜ื ืข"ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืชื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืื•ืชื•,
01:47
and slowly bringing your hands together until they meet.
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ื•ืชืงืจื‘ื• ืื˜-ืื˜ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื›ื ืขื“ ืฉืชื™ืคื’ืฉื ื”.
01:50
This balancing point lies right underneath
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™-ืžืฉืงืœ ื–ื• ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืชื—ืช
01:53
the broom's center of mass.
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ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืื˜ื.
01:55
We humans also have a center of mass.
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ื’ื ืœื ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื™ืฉ ืžืจื›ื– ืžืกื”.
01:57
When most people stand up,
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ื›ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืขืžื™ื“ื”,
01:59
their center of mass is around the belly,
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ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœื”ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ,
02:01
but what happens to your center of mass
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื”
02:03
when you lift your hands in the air?
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ื›ืฉืžืจื™ืžื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื?
02:04
Your center of mass moves upwards.
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ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืœื”.
02:06
It moves all the time as you move through the day,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื” ืžืงื•ื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืชื ื•ืขืขื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื•ื,
02:09
based on how your body is positioned.
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ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื ื— ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
02:11
It can even move outside of your body.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
02:13
When you bend forward, your center of mass
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ื›ืฉืžืชื›ื•ืคืคื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื”
02:15
is located below your bent belly
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ื ืžืฆื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ื›ืคื•ืคื”
02:18
in a place where there is no mass at all.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ืœืœ ืžืกื”.
02:20
Weird to think about, but that's the average position
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ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืืš ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข
02:23
of all your mass.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœื›ื.
02:24
Many objects' center of mass
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ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
02:25
are outside their bodies.
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ื—ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื.
02:27
Think of doughnuts or boomerangs.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืขืš ืื• ื‘ื•ืžืจื ื’.
02:29
Now look at the Fosbury Flop, and follow the position
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ื›ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืงืคื™ืฆืช ืคื•ืกื‘ืจื™, ื•ืขื™ืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจ ืžื™ืงื•ืžื•
02:32
of the center of mass of the jumper.
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ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืคืฅ.
02:34
The jumper runs very fast,
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ื”ืงื•ืคืฅ ืจืฅ ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“,
02:36
so he can divert his horizontal velocity
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ืช
02:38
to vertical velocity, and jumps.
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ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื ื›ื™ืช, ื•ืื– ืงื•ืคืฅ.
02:41
Wait for it...there.
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ืจื’ืข... ืจื’ืข... ื”ื ื”.
02:43
Look at the jumper's center of mass
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืคืฅ
02:45
as his body bends backward.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื’ื•ืคื• ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ.
02:47
It's below the bar.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจืฃ.
02:48
That is the secret behind the jump.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืกื•ื“ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื–ื•.
02:51
With the old, pre-Fosbury techniques,
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ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืคื•ืกื‘ืจื™,
02:53
the jumper had to apply enough force
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ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืคืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—
02:55
to lift his center of mass above the bar
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœื• ืืœ ืžืขืœ ืœืจืฃ
02:58
by a few inches in order to clear it.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืก"ืž ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขืœื™ื•.
03:00
The Fosbury Flopper doesn't have to do that.
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ืงื•ืคืฅ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืคื•ืกื‘ืจื™ ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
03:03
The genius of the Fosbury Flop is that the jumper
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ื”ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืงืคื™ืฆืช ืคื•ืกื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงื•ืคืฅ
03:05
can apply the same amount of force,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ื•ื—,
03:07
but raise his body much higher than before.
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ื•ืœื”ื ื™ืฃ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืงื•ื“ื.
03:10
That means he can raise the bar so high
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืฃ ื›ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
03:12
that even when his center of mass
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœื•
03:14
can't go any higher, his arching body can.
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ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ืขื•ื“, ื’ื•ืคื• ื”ืžืชืงืฉืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื›ืš.
03:18
Fosbury's technique brought
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืกื‘ืจื™
03:19
the high jump to new heights
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ื”ืขืœืชื” ืืช ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
03:21
by splitting the jumper's body
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืคื™ืฆืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืคืฅ
03:22
away from his center of mass,
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœื•,
03:24
giving it that much more room
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืžืจื—ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ
03:26
to clear higher and higher bars.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฃ ืฉื”ืœืš ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืžื.
03:28
So the Fosbury Flop may be sports history's
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืงืคื™ืฆืช ืคื•ืกื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื”
03:30
only great leap forward,
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ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™-ื™ืžื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜,
03:32
that is also a great leap backward.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืื—ื•ืจื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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