How does cancer spread through the body? - Ivan Seah Yu Jun

2,012,211 views ใƒป 2014-11-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Boaz Hovav
00:06
The onset of cancer usually begins as a solitary tumor
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื•ื“ื“
00:10
in a specific area of the body.
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
00:13
If the tumor is not removed,
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ืื ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ืžื•ืกืจ,
00:15
cancer has the ability to spread to nearby organs,
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ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืื‘ืจื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
00:18
as well as places far away from the origin, such as the brain.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื•ื—.
00:23
So how does cancer move to new areas,
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
00:25
and why are some organs more likely to get infected than others?
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ื•ืœืžื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืžืื—ืจื™ื?
00:29
The process of cancer spreading across the body is known as metastasis.
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช.
00:34
It begins when cancer cells from an initial tumor invade nearby normal tissue.
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืฉืชืื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืœืจืงืžื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืฉื›ื ื”.
00:40
As the cells proliferate,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื,
00:41
they spread via one of the three common routes of metastasis:
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ื”ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช:
00:45
transcoelomic, lymphatic, or hematogenous spread.
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ื˜ืจืื ืกืงื•ืœื•ืžื™ืช, ืœื™ืžืคืชื™ืช, ืื• ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ืช.
00:49
In transcoelomic spread, malignant cells penetrate the covering surfaces
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ื”ื”ืชืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืื ืกืงื•ืœื•ืžื™ืช, ืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืžื›ืกื™ื
00:54
of cavities in our body.
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ืืช ื—ืœืœื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
00:57
These surfaces are known as peritoneum
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ื”ืžืฉื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื˜ื ืื•ื
00:59
and serve as walls to segment the body cavity.
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ื•ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจื“ืช ื—ืœืœื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
01:03
Malignant cells in ovarian cancer, for example,
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ืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื—ืœื•ืช, ื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
01:06
spread through peritoneum, which connects the ovary to the liver,
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ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื•ื ืื•ื ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื—ืœื•ืช ืœื›ื‘ื“,
01:09
resulting in metastasis on the liver surface.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื“.
01:13
Next, cancerous cells invade blood vessels when they undergo hematogenous spread.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”, ืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ืช.
01:19
As there are blood vessels almost everywhere in the body,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืชืื™ ื“ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ,
01:21
malignant cells utilize this to reach more distant parts of the body.
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ืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
01:26
Finally, lymphatic spread occurs when the cancer invades the lymph nodes,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืœื™ืžืคืชื™ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉ ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžืคื”,
01:30
and travels to other parts of the body via the lymphatic system.
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ื•ื ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœื™ืžืคืชื™ืช.
01:35
As this system drains many parts of the body,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžื ืงื–ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
01:37
it also provides a large network for the cancer.
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืกืคืงืช ืจืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
01:40
In addition, the lymphatic vessels empty into the blood circulation,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœื™ืžืคืชื™ื™ื ืžืชืจื•ืงื ื™ื ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื,
01:44
allowing the malignant cells to undergo hematogenous spread.
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ืช.
01:48
Once at a new site, the cells once again undergo proliferation,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ืชืื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืœืงื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
01:52
and form small tumors known as micrometastases.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืžื™ืงืจื• ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช.
01:56
These small tumors then grow into full-fledged tumors,
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ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืื– ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืœื,
01:59
and complete the metastatic process.
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ื•ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืจื•ืจืชื™.
02:02
Different cancers have been known to have specific sites of metastasis.
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ืœืกื•ื’ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื.
02:06
For example, prostate cancer commonly metastasizes to the bone,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื•ืœื— ืœืจื•ื‘ ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื•ืช,
02:11
while colon cancer metastasizes to the liver.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก ืฉื•ืœื— ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื‘ื“.
02:14
Various theories have been proposed to explain the migration pattern
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืขื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”
02:17
of malignant cells.
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ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื.
02:19
Of particular interest are two conflicting theories.
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช.
02:23
Stephen Paget, an English surgeon,
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ืกื˜ืคืŸ ืคื’'ื˜, ืžื ืชื— ืื ื’ืœื™,
02:25
came up with the seed and soil theory of metastasis.
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ื”ืขืœื” ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืจืข ื•ืžืฆืข ืฉืœ ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช.
02:28
The seed and soil theory stated that cancer cells die easily
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ืจืข ื•ื”ืžืฆืข ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืชืื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช
02:32
in the wrong microenvironment,
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ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
02:34
hence they only metastasize to a location with similar characteristics.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืจืง ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
02:39
However, James Ewing, the first professor of pathology at Cornell University,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื™ื•ืื™ื ื’, ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืจื ืœ,
02:43
challenged the seed and soil theory,
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ืืชื’ืจ ืืช ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ืจืข ื•ื”ืžืฆืข,
02:46
and proposed that the site of metastasis was determined by the location
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื
02:50
of the vascular and lymphatic channels which drain the primary tumor.
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ืฉืœ ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ื“ื ื•ืœื™ืžืคื” ืฉืžื ืงื–ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™.
02:55
Patients with primary tumors that were drained by vessels leading to the lung
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ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืงื–ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืจื™ืื”
02:59
would eventually develop lung metastases.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
03:02
Today, we know that both theories contain valuable truths.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืจืš.
03:06
Yet the full stories of metastasis is much more complicated
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืœืื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
03:10
than either of the two proposed theories.
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ืžืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช.
03:12
Factors like the cancer cell's properties,
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื,
03:14
and the effectiveness of the immune system in eliminating the cancer cells,
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ื•ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
03:18
also play a role in determining the success of metastasis.
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ื’ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช.
03:22
Unfortunately, many questions about metastasis remain unanswered until today.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื ืฉืืจื• ืœืœื ืžืขื ื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:28
Understanding the exact mechanism holds an important key
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ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืžืคืชื— ื—ืฉื•ื‘
03:30
to finding a cure for advanced stage cancers.
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ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
03:34
By studying both the genetic and environmental factors,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื,
03:37
which contribute to successful metastasis,
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ืฉืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช,
03:39
we can pinpoint ways to shut down the process.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืงื“ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
03:43
The war against cancer is a constant struggle,
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ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืื‘ืง ืžืชืžืฉืš,
03:45
and scientists are hard at work developing new methods against metastasis.
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ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืงืฉื” ืœืคืชื— ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช.
03:50
Of recent interest is immunotherapy,
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืื™ืžื•ื ื•ืชืจืคื™ื”,
03:53
a modality which involves harnessing the power of the immune system
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ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืจืชื™ืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
03:56
to destroy the migrating cells.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
03:59
This can be done in different ways,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
04:01
such as training immune cells to recognize cancerous cells via vaccines.
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ื›ืžื• ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
04:06
The growth and activity of the immune cells
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ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
04:08
can also be stimulated by injecting man-made interleukins,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื–ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ืจืงืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืœื•ืงื™ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื,
04:12
chemicals which are usually secreted by the immune cells of the body.
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ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืคืจืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœื’ื•ืฃ.
04:16
These two treatments are only the tip of the iceberg.
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืจืง ืงืฆื” ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ.
04:19
With the collaborated research efforts of governments, companies and scientists,
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ืขื ืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
04:23
perhaps the process of metastasis will be stopped for good.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืขืฆืจ ืœืชืžื™ื“.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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