The fundamentals of space-time: Part 3 - Andrew Pontzen and Tom Whyntie

622,567 views ใƒป 2014-05-22

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
Gravity. It controls the universe.
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ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”: ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
00:10
Everything attracts everything else.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื ืžืฉืš ืœื”ื›ืœ.
00:12
Ouch!
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ืื•ื•ืฆ'!
00:13
Including you.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืชื.
00:14
Ow!
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ืื•ื•!
00:15
In this final lesson,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
00:16
we'll explore what gravity means for space-time,
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ื ื—ืงื•ืจ ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ,
00:19
or rather what space-time means for gravity.
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ืื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
00:23
Until now, we've been dealing with things moving
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ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื˜ื™ืคืœื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืขื™ื
00:25
at constant speeds,
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
00:27
with straight world lines in space-time.
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ืขื ืงื•ื™ ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ.
00:29
But once you add gravity,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”,
00:31
if you measure a speed at one moment,
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ืื ืชืžื“ื“ื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
00:33
then again a bit later,
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ื•ืื– ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:34
the speed may have changed.
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ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืชื ื•.
00:37
In other words, as I discovered,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™,
00:39
gravity causes acceleration,
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ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืชืื•ืฆื”,
00:41
so we need the world line to look different
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืงื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืจืื• ืื—ืจืช
00:43
from one moment to the next.
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ืžืจื’ืข ืื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ.
00:45
As we saw in the last lesson,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
00:46
the correct way to tilt an object's world line
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืงื• ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื
00:50
is using a Lorentz transformation:
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ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ืช ืœื•ืจื ืฅ:
00:52
Einstein's stretch and squash trick.
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ื”ื˜ืจื™ืง ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืชื™ื—ื” ื•ืžืขื™ื›ื”.
00:55
So, to map out what gravity is doing to Tom's motion,
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ืื–, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืคื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื,
00:58
we need to create a whole load of little patches of space-time,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ืœืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ,
01:01
each transformed by different amounts.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
01:04
So that my world line is at a different angle in each one.
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ื›ืš ืฉืงื• ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“.
01:06
And then, we're ready to stitch everything together.
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ื•ืื–, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื“.
01:10
We assemble a cozy quilt of space-time
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื›ื” ื ืขืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ
01:13
where world lines look curved.
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ื‘ื” ืงื•ื•ื™ ืขื•ืœื ื ืจืื™ื ืžืขื•ืงืœื™ื.
01:15
Where the world lines join, the objects collide.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชืื—ื“ื™ื, ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื.
01:18
By making these connections between the patches,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืœืื™ื,
01:21
a curvature gets built into space-time itself.
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ืขืงื•ืžื” ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ืœืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ ืขืฆืžื•.
01:26
But Einstein's true genius
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
01:28
was to describe precisely how each patch
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืชืืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ื›ืœ ืชืœืื™
01:31
is stretched and squashed
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ืžืชืืจืš ื•ื ืžืขืš
01:32
according to nearby mass and energy.
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžืกื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:36
The mere presence of stuff curves the space-time,
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ืจืง ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืขืงืžืช ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ,
01:40
and curving space-time moves the stuff around.
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ื•ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ ืžืขื•ืงืœ ืžื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:44
This is gravity, according to Einstein.
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ื–ื• ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”, ืœืคื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.
01:47
Previously, Isaac Newton had explained gravity
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ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืื™ื™ื–ืง ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”
01:51
using the ideas of force and acceleration,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื•ืชืื•ืฆื”,
01:54
without any wibbily wobbly space-time,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืข,
01:56
and that did pretty well.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘,
01:57
But Einstein's theory does just slightly better
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืžืขื˜ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:00
at predicting, for example,
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ื‘ืฆืคื™ื™ืช, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
02:02
the orbit of Mercury around the Sun,
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ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืžื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
02:04
or the way that light rays are deflected by massive objects.
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ืื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืงืจื ื™ ืื•ื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืžืขืฆืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
02:07
More importantly, Einstein's theory predicts things
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
02:10
that simply don't exist in older theories
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ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช
02:13
where space, time and gravity were separate.
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ืฉื ืžืจื—ื‘, ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื• ื ืคืจื“ื™ื.
02:16
The stitching can leave wrinkles in the space-time material.
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ื”ื”ื˜ืœืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืงืžื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ.
02:20
These are called gravitational waves,
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ืืœื” ื ืงืจืื™ื ื’ืœื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™ื™ื,
02:23
which should be detectable as tiny, repetitive,
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ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™, ื›ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช
02:26
subtle squashes and stretches in space.
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ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘.
02:29
So we're building experiments to check if they are there.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื”ื ืฉื.
02:32
In the meantime, indirect evidence,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช,
02:34
most recently in the polarization patterns of light
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ
02:37
left over from the Big Bang,
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ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืžื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
02:39
strongly suggest that they are.
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ืžืจืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ืฉื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
02:42
But despite Einstein's successes,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ,
02:44
when too much stuff gets concentrated
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ื›ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืชืจื›ื–
02:46
in too small a space,
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ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื“ื™,
02:48
like in a black hole,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
02:50
the curvature of space-time becomes so large,
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ื”ืขื™ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
02:52
that his equations collapse.
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ืฉื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช.
02:58
We need a new picture of space-time
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ
03:00
that incorporates quantum mechanics
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ืฉืžืฉืœื‘ืช ืืช ืžื›ืื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื
03:02
to unlock the secret at the heart of black holes.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
03:06
Which means there's plenty more to be discovered
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช
03:08
about space, time, and space-time in the future.
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ืขืœ ืžืจื—ื‘, ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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