Can you solve the prisoner hat riddle? - Alex Gendler

30,924,861 views ใƒป 2015-10-05

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Ravia
00:10
You and nine other individuals have been captured
0
10714
3128
ืืชื ื•ืชืฉืขื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื ืœื›ื“ืชื
00:13
by super intelligent alien overlords.
1
13842
3653
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืกื•ืคืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
00:17
The aliens think humans look quite tasty,
2
17495
3312
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื ื ืจืื™ื ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื,
00:20
but their civilization forbids eating highly logical and cooperative beings.
3
20807
5326
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืื•ืกืจืช ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืงื•ืื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื‘ื•ื ื”.
00:26
Unfortunately, they're not sure whether you qualify,
4
26133
3698
ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื”ื ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืื ืืชื ืขื•ื ื™ื ืœืชื ืื™ื,
00:29
so they decide to give you all a test.
5
29831
2922
ืื– ื”ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ื›ื ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ.
00:32
Through its universal translator,
6
32753
1645
ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืชืจื’ื ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ืฉืœื•,
00:34
the alien guarding you tells you the following:
7
34398
3564
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจ ืฉืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื›ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ื›ืš:
00:37
You will be placed in a single-file line facing forward in size order
8
37962
5461
ืืชื ืชื•ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื ืžื•ืš ื›ืฉืคื ื™ื›ื ืคื•ื ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”
00:43
so that each of you can see everyone lined up ahead of you.
9
43423
3921
ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื•.
00:47
You will not be able to look behind you or step out of line.
10
47344
3729
ืœื ื™ื•ืจืฉื” ืœื›ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืื• ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื˜ื•ืจ.
00:51
Each of you will have either a black or a white hat on your head
11
51073
4231
ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื—ื‘ื•ืฉ ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืื• ืœื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•
00:55
assigned randomly,
12
55304
1934
ืฉื™ื—ื•ืœืง ืœื›ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™,
00:57
and I won't tell you how many of each color there are.
13
57238
4017
ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืžื›ืœ ืฆื‘ืข.
01:01
When I say to begin, each of you must guess the color of your hat
14
61255
3819
ื›ืฉืืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื ื—ืฉ ืืช ืฆื‘ืข ื›ื•ื‘ืขื•
01:05
starting with the person in the back and moving up the line.
15
65074
4400
ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืื“ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ.
01:09
And don't even try saying words other than black or white
16
69474
3048
ื•ืฉืœื ืชื ืกื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืฃ ืžื™ืœื” ืคืจื˜ ืœืฉื—ื•ืจ ืื• ืœื‘ืŸ
01:12
or signaling some other way, like intonation or volume;
17
72522
4465
ืื• ืœืจืžื•ื– ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฆืœื™ืœ ืื• ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื ืฆื™ื”;
01:16
you'll all be eaten immediately.
18
76987
2762
ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืชืื›ืœื• ืžื™ื™ื“.
01:19
If at least nine of you guess correctly, you'll all be spared.
19
79749
4368
ืื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืชืฉืขื” ืžื›ื ื™ื ื—ืฉื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื ื—ื•ืก ืขืœื™ื›ื.
01:24
You have five minutes to discuss and come up with a plan,
20
84117
3126
ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื—ืžืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช,
01:27
and then I'll line you up, assign your hats, and we'll begin.
21
87243
4748
ื•ืื– ืืขืžื™ื“ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ, ืื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื, ื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœ.
01:31
Can you think of a strategy guaranteed to save everyone?
22
91991
4051
ื”ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืชื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื ืฆืœื•?
01:36
Pause the video now to figure it out for yourself.
23
96042
3095
ืขืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื.
01:39
Answer in: 3
24
99137
1017
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“: 3
01:40
Answer in: 2
25
100154
1092
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“: 2
01:41
Answer in: 1
26
101246
1865
ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“: 1
01:43
The key is that the person at the back of the line
27
103111
2829
ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ
01:45
who can see everyone else's hats can use the words "black" or "white"
28
105940
4554
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืฉื—ื•ืจ" ืื• "ืœื‘ืŸ"
01:50
to communicate some coded information.
29
110494
3378
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืงื•ื“ื“.
01:53
So what meaning can be assigned to those words
30
113872
2668
ืื– ืื™ื–ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•
01:56
that will allow everyone else to deduce their hat colors?
31
116540
4202
ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืืช ืฆื‘ืข ื›ื•ื‘ืขื?
02:00
It can't be the total number of black or white hats.
32
120742
3367
ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืื• ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
02:04
There are more than two possible values,
33
124109
2763
ืœื›ืš ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื.
02:06
but what does have two possible values is that number's parity,
34
126872
5016
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื
02:11
that is whether it's odd or even.
35
131888
3304
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืื ื–ื”ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืื• ืื™ ื–ื•ื’ื™.
02:15
So the solution is to agree that whoever goes first will,
36
135192
3816
ืื– ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืฉืžื™ ืฉืžื ื—ืฉ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
02:19
for example, say "black" if he sees an odd number of black hats
37
139008
4347
ื™ื’ื™ื“, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” "ืฉื—ื•ืจ", ืื ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื
02:23
and "white" if he sees an even number of black hats.
38
143355
4432
ื•"ืœื‘ืŸ" ืื ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
02:27
Let's see how it would play out if the hats were distributed like this.
39
147787
4624
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื›ืš.
02:32
The tallest captive sees three black hats in front of him,
40
152411
3018
ื”ืฉื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื•ืื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื•,
02:35
so he says "black," telling everyone else he sees an odd number of black hats.
41
155429
5205
ืื– ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ "ืฉื—ื•ืจ", ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื™ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
02:40
He gets his own hat color wrong, but that's okay
42
160634
3372
ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขื” ื‘ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืฉืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ
02:44
since you're collectively allowed to have one wrong answer.
43
164006
4280
ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืžื•ืชืจืช ื˜ืขื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ืื—ืช.
02:48
Prisoner two also sees an odd number of black hats,
44
168286
2754
ืืกื™ืจื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื,
02:51
so she knows hers is white, and answers correctly.
45
171040
4211
ืื– ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืฉืœื” ืœื‘ืŸ, ื•ืขื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:55
Prisoner three sees an even number of black hats,
46
175251
2793
ื”ืืกื™ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืจื•ืื” ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื,
02:58
so he knows that his must be one of the black hats
47
178044
3212
ืื– ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืฉืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื
03:01
the first two prisoners saw.
48
181256
2345
ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืจืื•.
03:03
Prisoner four hears that and knows
49
183601
1736
ื”ืืกื™ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉื•ืžืขืช ื–ืืช ื•ืžืกื™ืงื”
03:05
that she should be looking for an even number of black hats
50
185337
3241
ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื,
03:08
since one was behind her.
51
188578
1932
ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”.
03:10
But she only sees one, so she deduces that her hat is also black.
52
190510
5655
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ืจืง ืื—ื“, ืื– ื”ื™ื ืžืกื™ืงื” ืฉื’ื ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืฉืœื” ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
03:16
Prisoners five through nine are each looking for an odd number of black hats,
53
196165
4334
ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืžืฉ ืขื“ ืชืฉืข ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื,
03:20
which they see, so they figure out that their hats are white.
54
200499
4728
ื•ืžืกื™ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
03:25
Now it all comes down to you at the front of the line.
55
205227
3827
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื›ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื™ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืจ.
03:29
If the ninth prisoner saw an odd number of black hats,
56
209054
3181
ืื ื”ืืกื™ืจ ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ืจืื” ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื,
03:32
that can only mean one thing.
57
212235
2791
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“.
03:35
You'll find that this strategy works for any possible arrangement of the hats.
58
215026
4372
ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืœื›ืœ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื.
03:39
The first prisoner has a 50% chance of giving a wrong answer about his own hat,
59
219398
5114
ืœืืกื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 50% ืœืชืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ื•ื‘ืข ืฉืœื•,
03:44
but the parity information he conveys
60
224512
2309
ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืง
03:46
allows everyone else to guess theirs with absolute certainty.
61
226821
5199
ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ื—ืฉ ืืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช.
03:52
Each begins by expecting to see an odd or even number of hats
62
232020
4015
ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืื• ืื™ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื
03:56
of the specified color.
63
236035
2031
ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
03:58
If what they count doesn't match, that means their own hat is that color.
64
238066
4436
ืื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—, ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ืคื”, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื–ื”.
04:02
And everytime this happens,
65
242502
1634
ื•ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”,
04:04
the next person in line will switch the parity they expect to see.
66
244136
4747
ื”ืื“ื ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆืคื” ืœืจืื•ืช.
04:08
So that's it, you're free to go.
67
248883
1741
ืื– ื–ื”ื• ื–ื”, ืืชื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช.
04:10
It looks like these aliens will have to go hungry,
68
250624
2408
ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืจืขื‘ื™ื,
04:13
or find some less logical organisms to abduct.
69
253032
3429
ืื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื—ื˜ื•ืฃ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7