Can you solve the prisoner hat riddle? - Alex Gendler

29,394,283 views

2015-10-05 ใƒป TED-Ed


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Can you solve the prisoner hat riddle? - Alex Gendler

29,394,283 views ใƒป 2015-10-05

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: jinhee park ๊ฒ€ํ† : JongEok Yang
00:10
You and nine other individuals have been captured
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„ํ™‰๋ช…์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ง€๋Šฅ์ ์ธ ์™ธ๊ณ„ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚ฉ์น˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:13
by super intelligent alien overlords.
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00:17
The aliens think humans look quite tasty,
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์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ง›์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
00:20
but their civilization forbids eating highly logical and cooperative beings.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์€ ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ˜‘์กฐ์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
Unfortunately, they're not sure whether you qualify,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ถˆํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์กด์žฌ์ธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
so they decide to give you all a test.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
Through its universal translator,
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์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋งŒ๋Šฅ ํ†ต์—ญ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ง๋กœ ์ง€์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
the alien guarding you tells you the following:
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00:37
You will be placed in a single-file line facing forward in size order
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ํ•œ ์ค„๋กœ ์•ž์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ํ‚ค ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์„ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
so that each of you can see everyone lined up ahead of you.
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๊ฐ์ž ์ž๊ธฐ ์•ž์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
You will not be able to look behind you or step out of line.
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์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค„ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
Each of you will have either a black or a white hat on your head
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๊ฐ์ž ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ •๋œ ๊ฒ€์ • ๋˜๋Š” ํฐ์ƒ‰์˜ ๋ชจ์ž๋ฅผ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
assigned randomly,
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00:57
and I won't tell you how many of each color there are.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ƒ‰์ด ์ด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ง€ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
When I say to begin, each of you must guess the color of your hat
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชจ์ž์ƒ‰๊น”์„ ์ถ”์ธกํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:05
starting with the person in the back and moving up the line.
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๋งจ ๋’ท์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ ์•ž์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:09
And don't even try saying words other than black or white
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๊ฒ€์ • ๋˜๋Š” ํฐ์ƒ‰ ์™ธ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋‹จ์–ด๋„ ๋งํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋˜๊ณ 
01:12
or signaling some other way, like intonation or volume;
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์–ต์–‘์ด๋‚˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
you'll all be eaten immediately.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋จนํž ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
If at least nine of you guess correctly, you'll all be spared.
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์ตœ์†Œ ์•„ํ™‰๋ช…์ด ๋งž์ถ˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
You have five minutes to discuss and come up with a plan,
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5๋ถ„๋™์•ˆ ํ† ๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์šฐ์‹œ์˜ค.
01:27
and then I'll line you up, assign your hats, and we'll begin.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ํ•œ์ค„๋กœ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ๋ชจ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ •ํ•ด์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
Can you think of a strategy guaranteed to save everyone?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ „๋žต์„ ์„ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
01:36
Pause the video now to figure it out for yourself.
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
01:39
Answer in: 3
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01:40
Answer in: 2
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01:41
Answer in: 1
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01:43
The key is that the person at the back of the line
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ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ๋งจ ๋’ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
who can see everyone else's hats can use the words "black" or "white"
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ชจ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ "๊ฒ€์ •" ๋˜๋Š” "ํฐ์ƒ‰" ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
01:50
to communicate some coded information.
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ์†Œํ†ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
So what meaning can be assigned to those words
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ดํฌ๋˜์–ด์•ผ
01:56
that will allow everyone else to deduce their hat colors?
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๊ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชจ์ž์ƒ‰์„ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:00
It can't be the total number of black or white hats.
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๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ๋˜๋Š” ํฐ์ƒ‰ ๋ชจ์ž์˜ ์ „์ฒด ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜ ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
There are more than two possible values,
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๋‘๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:06
but what does have two possible values is that number's parity,
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๊ทธ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆซ์ž์˜ ํ™€์ง ๋งž์ถค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
that is whether it's odd or even.
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์ฆ‰, ํ™€์ˆ˜์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง์ˆ˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:15
So the solution is to agree that whoever goes first will,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
for example, say "black" if he sees an odd number of black hats
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ™€์ˆ˜๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ๋ชจ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด "๊ฒ€์ •"์„ ์™ธ์น˜๊ณ 
02:23
and "white" if he sees an even number of black hats.
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์ง์ˆ˜๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ๋ชจ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด "ํฐ์ƒ‰"์„ ์™ธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
Let's see how it would play out if the hats were distributed like this.
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ชจ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋ผ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ๋๋‚ผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:32
The tallest captive sees three black hats in front of him,
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ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ํฌ๋กœ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์•ž์— ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ๋ชจ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
so he says "black," telling everyone else he sees an odd number of black hats.
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"๊ฒ€์ •"์ด๋ผ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ํ™€์ˆ˜๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ๋ชจ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
He gets his own hat color wrong, but that's okay
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชจ์ž์ƒ‰๊น”์€ ํ‹€๋ ธ์–ด๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
since you're collectively allowed to have one wrong answer.
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์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๋‹ต์„ ํ•ด๋„ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
Prisoner two also sees an odd number of black hats,
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ํฌ๋กœ๋„ ํ™€์ˆ˜๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ๋ชจ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
so she knows hers is white, and answers correctly.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชจ์ž๊ฐ€ ํฐ์ƒ‰์ธ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
Prisoner three sees an even number of black hats,
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํฌ๋กœ๋Š” ์ง์ˆ˜๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ๋ชจ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
so he knows that his must be one of the black hats
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชจ์ž๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช… ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
the first two prisoners saw.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ํฌ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ดค๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:03
Prisoner four hears that and knows
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๋„ค๋ฒˆ์งธ ํฌ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ 
03:05
that she should be looking for an even number of black hats
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์ง์ˆ˜๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
since one was behind her.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋’ค์— ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:10
But she only sees one, so she deduces that her hat is also black.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰์ด ํ•œ๊ฐœ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชจ์ž ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰์ž„์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
Prisoners five through nine are each looking for an odd number of black hats,
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๋‹ค์„ฏ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•„ํ™‰๋ฒˆ์งธ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ํ™€์ˆ˜๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ๋ชจ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ
03:20
which they see, so they figure out that their hats are white.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชจ์ž๊ฐ€ ํฐ์ƒ‰์ž„์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
Now it all comes down to you at the front of the line.
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์ด์ œ ๋งจ ์•ž์˜ ๋‹น์‹  ์ฐจ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
If the ninth prisoner saw an odd number of black hats,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์•„ํ™‰๋ฒˆ์งธ ํฌ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ํ™€์ˆ˜๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ๋ชจ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ดค๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:32
that can only mean one thing.
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ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
You'll find that this strategy works for any possible arrangement of the hats.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ด ์ „๋žต์„์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ชจ์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฐ์—ด์ด๋“  ํ’€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
The first prisoner has a 50% chance of giving a wrong answer about his own hat,
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํฌ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๋ชจ์ž์ƒ‰์„ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด 50%์ด์ง€๋งŒ
03:44
but the parity information he conveys
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ™€์ง ๋งž์ถค ์ •๋ณด๋Š”
03:46
allows everyone else to guess theirs with absolute certainty.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ํ™•์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ถ”์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
Each begins by expecting to see an odd or even number of hats
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๊ฐ์ž๋Š” ํ™€์ˆ˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์ง์ˆ˜๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
of the specified color.
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์ง€์ •๋œ ์ƒ‰๊น”์˜ ๋ชจ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:58
If what they count doesn't match, that means their own hat is that color.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชจ์ž์ƒ‰๊น”์ž„์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ด์š”.
04:02
And everytime this happens,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
04:04
the next person in line will switch the parity they expect to see.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ณด๋Š” ํ™€์ง ๋งž์ถค์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
So that's it, you're free to go.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ๊ฐ€๋„ ์ข‹์•„์š”.
04:10
It looks like these aliens will have to go hungry,
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์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”ˆ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
04:13
or find some less logical organisms to abduct.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ๋œ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‚ฉ์น˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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