The city of walls: Constantinople - Lars Brownworth

1,333,749 views ใƒป 2012-10-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: tom carter Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:16
The most important walls in western history aren't even in the West.
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ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘.
00:20
They surround the modern city of Istanbul, Constantinople as the Romans called it.
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ื”ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ, ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ืงืจืื• ืœื”.
00:25
And for a thousand years, the fate of Europe depended on them.
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื.
00:29
Constantinople was designed to be the center of the world.
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ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:33
When the frontiers of the Roman Empire began to crumble in the 4th Century,
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ื›ืฉื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช,
00:37
the capital was moved to the cultured, wealthy, and still stable East.
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ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืžืชื•ืจื‘ืช, ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
00:42
There, at the crossroads between Europe and Asia, the hub of the major trade routes of the ancient world,
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ืฉื, ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืืกื™ื”, ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง,
00:48
the Emperor Constantine built his city.
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ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ.
00:51
This was the city of libraries and universities,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช,
00:54
20 times the size of London or Paris at the time.
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ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืคื™ 20 ืžืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืคืจื™ื– ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
00:57
It contained the priceless knowledge of the classical world which was fading in the West.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื™ืกื•ืœื ื‘ืคื– ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ ืฉื ืžื•ื’ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘.
01:02
To protect this masterpiece from its many enemies,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืช ืžืื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ื,
01:05
Constantine's successors built the finest defensive fortifications ever made.
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ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ืื™ ืคืขื.
01:10
The first line of protection was a moat 60 feet wide and 22 feet deep,
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ืงื• ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืคื™ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ 20 ืžื˜ืจ ื•7 ืžื˜ืจ ืขื•ืžืง,
01:15
stretching all four miles from coast to coast.
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ืฉื”ืชืžืชื— ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืฉืฉื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฃ ืœื—ื•ืฃ.
01:18
Pipes from inside the city could fill it at the first sight of the enemy,
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ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืžืœื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืจืื” ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ื™ื‘,
01:22
and a short wall protected archers who could fire at the soaked soldiers trying to swim across.
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ื•ืงื™ืจ ืงืฆืจ ื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืงืฉืชื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืฉื—ื™ื”.
01:27
Those who were lucky enough to clear the moat had to contend with an unceasing barrage from the 27 foot outer wall above.
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ืืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืžื–ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืคื™ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื˜ืจ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืง ืžื”ืงื™ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืžืขืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 9 ืžื˜ืจ.
01:35
Arrows, spears, or far worse, Greek fire -- an ancient form of napalm that would ignite on contact
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ื—ื™ืฆื™ื, ื—ื ื™ืชื•ืช, ืื• ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืฉ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช -- ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื ืคืœื ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื ื™ืฆืชืช ื‘ืžื’ืข
01:41
and couldn't be extinguished by water -- would rain down on them.
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ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืขื ืžื™ื -- ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื™ืชื—ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื.
01:45
Squads of Roman defenders would carry portable flame throwers,
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ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื,
01:48
spraying anyone trying to climb out of the moat.
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ื•ืžืจืกืกื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ื™ืกื” ืœื˜ืคืก ืžื”ื—ืคื™ืจ.
01:51
The terrified victims would leap back, only to find that they still burned underwater.
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ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ื—ื–ืจื”, ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืขืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื.
01:57
At times, the Romans would also mount siphons onto the ramparts,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื,
02:00
and launch clay pots full of Greek fire from catapults at an invading army.
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ื•ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืžืจ ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืืฉ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืงื˜ืคื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ.
02:04
The front lines would turn into an inferno,
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ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื›ื‘ืฉืŸ,
02:07
making it appear as if the earth itself was on fire.
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ื•ื’ืจืžื• ืœืื“ืžื” ืขืฆืžื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืืฉ.
02:11
If, by some miracle, the outer wall was compromised,
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ืื, ื‘ื ืก ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื”ืงื™ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ืขื‘ืจ,
02:14
attackers would be faced with the final defense: the great inner wall.
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ื”ืชื•ืงืคื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช: ื”ืงื™ืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืขืฆื•ื.
02:18
These walls were wide enough to have four men ride side by side,
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ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืจื‘ืขื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจื›ื‘ ืฆื“ ืœืฆื“,
02:21
allowing troops to be rushed wherever they were needed.
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ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื.
02:25
Attilla the Hun, destroyer of civilizations, who named himself the Scourge of God,
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ืื˜ื™ืœื” ื”ื”ื•ื ื™, ืžืฉืžื™ื“ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช, ืฉืงืจื ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžืฆืœื™ืฃ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื,
02:30
took one look at them and turned around.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืžื‘ื˜ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื•ืกื‘ ืœืื—ื•ืจ.
02:33
The Avars battled the walls uselessly til their catapults ran out of rocks.
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ื”ืื‘ืจื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืœื ืชื•ืขืœืช ืขื“ ืฉืœืงื˜ืคื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื ื’ืžืจื• ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื.
02:37
The Turks tried to tunnel under them, but found the foundations too solid.
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ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ืžืชื—ืชืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื ืžื“ื™.
02:41
The Arabs tried to starve the city into submission,
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ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืจืขื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœื›ื ื™ืขื”,
02:44
but ran out of food themselves and had to resort to cannibalism.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื’ืžืจ ืœื”ื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช.
02:48
It took the guns of the modern world to finally bring them down.
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ื–ื” ื”ืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
02:52
In 1453, the Turks brought their super weapon:
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ื‘ 1453, ื”ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื ืฉืง ื”ืขืœ ืฉืœื”ื:
02:55
a monster cannon that could fire a 15 hundred pound stone ball over a mile.
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ืชื•ืชื— ืขื ืง ืฉื™ื›ืœ ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ 750 ืงื™ืœื• ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™.
03:01
Together with more than a hundred smaller guns,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:03
they kept up a steady bombardment day and night.
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ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœ.
03:07
A section of the old walls collapsed, but even in their death throes they proved formidable.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ืงืจืก, ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื•ืชืŸ ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื’ืœื• ืจืื•ื™ื•ืช.
03:12
The rubble absorbed the shock of the cannonballs better than the solid wall.
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ื’ืœื™ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ืกืคื’ื• ืืช ืžื›ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืชื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื—ื™ื.
03:16
It took a month and a half of continuous blasting to finally open a breach.
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ื–ื” ืœืงื— ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฆืฆื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ืคืจืฆื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
03:21
The last Roman Emperor, Constantine the 11th, drew his sword
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ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืŸ ื” 11, ืฉืœืฃ ืืช ื—ืจื‘ื•
03:25
and jumped into the gap to stop the onrushing horde,
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ื•ืงืคืฅ ืœืคืขืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ,
03:28
disappearing into legend.
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ื•ื ืขืœื ืœืื’ื“ื”.
03:31
The city was taken, and the Roman Empire finally disappeared.
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื›ื‘ืฉื”, ื•ื”ืืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื ืขืœืžื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
03:35
But those broken walls had one last gift.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชื ื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
03:38
As the survivors fled the doomed city, they brought with them their precious books and their ancient traditions.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื• ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืชื ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื”ื ื”ื™ืงืจื™ื ื•ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื”ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช.
03:44
They traveled west to Italy, reintroduced the Greek language and learning to western Europe, and ignited the Renaissance.
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ื”ื ื ื“ื“ื• ืžืขืจื‘ื” ืœืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื•ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืฆื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ืจื ืกืื ืก.
03:52
Thanks to Constantinople's walls, that pile of brick and marble that guarded them for so long,
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืงื™ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœ, ืขืจืžืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืฉืžืจื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื” ืจื‘,
03:59
we still have our classical past.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืงืœืืกื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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