Can you solve the Trojan War riddle? - Dennis E. Shasha

2,664,723 views ใƒป 2021-05-27

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:08
The Trojan War has been raging for 10 years,
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ื”ืžื—ืœืžื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ื™ืื ื™ืช ื ืžืฉื›ื” 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
00:12
with neither Greeks nor Trojans prevailing.
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ื›ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื˜ืจื•ื™ื™ืื ื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ื.
00:15
Gods and humans alike are desperate for a break,
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ื”ืืœื™ื ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืืฉื™ื ืœื”ืคืกืงื”,
00:19
so when a divine omen races across the sky,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืื•ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื,
00:22
the two sides agree to a 10 day truce.
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ืฉืœ 10 ื™ืžื™ื.
00:26
From high up on Olympus youโ€™ve been waiting for an opportunity
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ืžืคืกื’ืช ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก ื—ื™ื›ื™ืชื ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
00:30
to bring this bloody war to its conclusion.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืžื“ืžืžืช ื”ื–ื• ืœืกื™ื•ื.
00:33
When you go to consult the Fates, they advise:
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืจืœื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืขืฆื•ืช:
00:36
should the peace last for a full 10 days, all will end soon.
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ืื ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื™ืฉืžืจ 10 ื™ืžื™ื ืžืœืื™ื, ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื’ืžืจ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.
00:43
However, if the truce is broken,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืชื™ืฉื‘ืจ,
00:45
the ensuing battle will lead to 10 more devastating years of war.
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ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช.
00:51
The Fatesโ€™ loom has shown them the exact conditions
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ื”ื ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืœื•ืช ื”ืจืื” ืœื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง
00:55
that will keep the truce intact.
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ืฉื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ.
00:57
The great Trojan plain can be viewed as a grid of Greek and Trojan encampments.
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ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ื™ื™ืื ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ืจื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ืื ื™ื.
01:03
If theyโ€™re organized in such a way that any Greek can reach any other Greek camp
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ืื ื”ื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื›ืœ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื—ื ื” ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืื—ืจ
01:09
without having to pass through a Trojan camp, and likewise for Trojans,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืžื—ื ื” ื˜ืจื•ื™ื™ืื ื™, ื•ืœื”ืคืš ืœื˜ืจื•ื™ื™ืื ื™ื,
01:13
plus neither side completely surrounds the other, peace will prevail.
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ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื™ืฉืžืจ.
01:18
Anyone can move to a horizontally or vertically adjacent camp,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ืื•ืคืงื™ืช ืื• ืื ื›ื™ืช ืœืžื—ื ื” ืฆืžื•ื“,
01:22
but never diagonally.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื‘ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ.
01:24
The problem is, theyโ€™re currently arranged like this.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ื”ื ื›ืจื’ืข ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื ื›ืš.
01:28
Tonight, you can use your powers to swap up to six pairs of camps
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ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ื ื•ืช
01:33
that are horizontally, vertically, or diagonally adjacent.
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ืฉืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ืื•ืคืงื™ืช, ืื ื›ื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ.
01:38
No camp can be moved more than once.
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ืืฃ ืžื—ื ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืขื ืื—ืช.
01:42
Which swaps do you make to keep the peace?
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ืื™ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืคื•ืช ืชืขืฉื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื?
01:45
Pause here to figure it out yourself. Answer in 3
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ืขื™ืฆืจื• ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื. ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ 3
01:48
Answer in 2
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ 2
01:50
Answer in 1
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ 1
01:53
The first insight here is to divide this into two sub-problems.
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ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื–ื” ืœืฉืชื™ ืชืช-ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
01:58
Thereโ€™s the matter of connecting 4 clumps of Greeks
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ 4 ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื
02:01
without putting holes in the Trojan line.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืงื• ื”ื˜ืจื•ื™ื™ืื ื™.
02:04
And then thereโ€™s dealing with the thorny center space.
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืงื•ืฆื ื™.
02:08
Letโ€™s consider the Greeks first.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื.
02:10
To connect any Greek clumps,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
02:12
youโ€™ll have to mess with the nice, straight Trojan lines.
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ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืกืชื‘ืš ืขื ื”ืงื•ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ื™ืื ื™ื.
02:15
If you try to do that anywhere in the center of these arms,
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ืื ืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
02:19
you'll create new isolated clusters of Trojans.
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ืชื™ืฆืจื• ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืื ื™ื.
02:23
So the only option is to go to the perimeter of the field
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ืื– ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื“ื”
02:26
and move some Trojans diagonally, say here, here, and here.
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ื•ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ื›ืžื” ื˜ืจื•ื™ืื ื™ื ื‘ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ, ื ื’ื™ื“ ืคื”, ืคื” ื•ืคื”.
02:32
Now for the center.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืžืจื›ื–.
02:33
thereโ€™s no way to connect the Trojan arms without swapping a Trojan in.
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ื™ืื ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืื ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื”.
02:38
But continuing to shift that arm of Trojans inward
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ื™ืื ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื”
02:42
would require moving the same Greek camp multiple times.
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ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ืื•ืชื ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
02:46
However, you could shift the whole Trojan arm up and to the right,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ื˜ืจื•ื™ืื ื™ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”,
02:52
closing this gap.
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ื•ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ.
02:54
There are several solutions with slight variants,
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
02:57
but as long as you perform this maneuver on the short arm of Trojans,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืืชื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื–ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขืœ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืงืฆืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ื™ื™ืื ื™ื,
03:01
you can achieve peace in exactly 6 moves.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ 6 ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื.
03:05
You make the swaps and all is well until the fifth night.
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ืืชื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื“ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™.
03:09
One of your rival gods wants to see the bloodshed continue,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืืœื™ื ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื”,
03:13
and has taken advantage of a forgotten prophecy.
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ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉื ืฉื›ื—ื”.
03:17
Heโ€™s convinced one Trojan camp to make a swap
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื›ื ืข ืžื—ื ื” ื˜ืจื•ื™ืื ื™ ืื—ื“ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ื—ืœืคื”
03:20
with their horizontal, vertical, or diagonal Greek neighbors
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ืขื ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ื™ื, ื”ืื ื›ื™ื™ื ืื• ื”ืืœื›ืกื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
03:24
that will break up the Greek connectivity.
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ืฉื™ืฉื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช.
03:27
Once again, you consult the Fates, who prophesize the following:
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืืชื ื ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืจืœื•ืช, ืฉื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:
03:32
the meddling Trojan camp is somewhere within four grid spaces
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ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ื™ืื ื™ ื”ืžืชืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ื›ื ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ ืืกื›ืœื”
03:36
of the perimeter of the battlefield.
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ืฉืœ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ืงืจื‘.
03:39
They wonโ€™t go through with a swap if it only breaks up Trojan connectivity.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื—ืœืคื” ืื ื–ื” ืจืง ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ื™ืื ื™ืช.
03:45
And finally, you can make at most two swaps
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื ืฉืชื™ ื”ื—ืœืคื•ืช
03:49
with the same rules as before to thwart them.
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ืขื ืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืžืงื•ื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื›ืœ ืื•ืชื.
03:52
Which swaps do you make to block the troublesome Trojan camp?
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ืื™ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืคื•ืช ืชืขืฉื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ื™ืื ื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™?
03:56
Answer in 3
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ 3
03:59
Answer in 2
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ 2
04:01
Answer in 1
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ 1
04:04
You won't be able to identify the scheming camp precisely,
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ืœื ืชื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง,
04:08
but thereโ€™s a lot you can do to at least narrow down the options.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช.
04:13
They have to be somewhere in this area.
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
04:16
And they have to be able to block Greek camps from each other in a single swap.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ืกื•ื ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœืคื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช.
04:21
That doesnโ€™t leave many options;
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉืื™ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช;
04:23
the only possible blockages are at the end of these two arms,
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ื”ื—ืกื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
04:28
where a Trojan camp could plug a hole without opening a new one.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืžื—ื ื” ื˜ืจื•ื™ื™ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืชื•ื ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ.
04:32
So they must be in one of these four camps.
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ืื– ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
04:36
Letโ€™s look at the right arm first.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ืงื•ื“ื.
04:38
Thereโ€™s a threat here because this column has two Trojan camps.
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ื™ืฉ ืื™ื•ื ืคื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ืื ื™ื.
04:42
If one moves to the right, the other will still be in place,
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ืื ืื—ื“ ื™ื–ื•ื– ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื”ืื—ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื,
04:45
blocking Greeks from crossing.
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ื—ื•ืกื ืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
04:47
so we can thwart them by moving either one a column left into this square.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื–ืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืขืžื•ื“ื” ืฉืžืืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉื‘ืฆืช ื”ื–ื•.
04:53
and the same principle applies to the bottom arm.
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืชืงืฃ ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”.
04:56
Your effort maintains the peace for the final 5 days.
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ื”ืžืืžืฅ ืฉืœื›ื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ 5 ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
05:00
But it seems that a certain Greek general noticed what was happening
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ืจืœ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”
05:04
and left the Trojans a parting gift...
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ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืœื˜ืจื•ื™ื™ืื ื™ื ืžืชื ืช ืคืจื™ื“ื”...
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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