An anti-hero of one's own - Tim Adams

1,382,916 views ใƒป 2012-11-13

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: tom carter Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Mark Freehoff
00:14
Literary critic Northrop Frye once observed
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ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื ื•ืจืช'ืจื•ืค ืคืจื™ ืคืขื ื”ืขืœื” ืื‘ื—ื ื”
00:17
that in our primitive days, our literary heroes were -- well, nearly gods,
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ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• -- ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืœื™ื,
00:22
and as civilization advanced, they came down the mountain of the gods, so to speak,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื”, ื”ื ื™ืจื“ื• ืžื”ื”ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“,
00:26
and became more human, more flawed, less heroic.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื, ืคื—ื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
00:32
From the divine heroes like Hercules,
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ืžื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืจืงื•ืœืก,
00:35
down the mountain below the miraculous but mortal heroes such as Beowulf,
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ืขื“ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืคืœืื™ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื™ื•ื•ืœืฃ,
00:40
the great leaders such as King Arthur,
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ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืœืš ืืจืชื•ืจ,
00:42
and the great but flawed heroes like Macbeth or Othello.
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืงื‘ืช ืื• ืื•ืชืœื•.
00:47
Below even the unlikely but eventual heroes such as Harry Potter,
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ืžืชื—ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ,
00:51
Luke Skywalker, or Hiccup,
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ืœื•ืง ืกืงื™ื™ื•ื•ืงืจ, ืื• ื”ื™ืงืืค,
00:54
until we reach the bottom and meet the anti-hero.
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ืขื“ ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช ื•ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
00:59
Contrary to the sound, the anti-hero is not the villain, not the antagonist.
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืฉืข, ืœื ื”ืื ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜.
01:04
The anti-hero is actually the main character in some contemporary works of literature.
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ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
01:08
Guy Montag in "Fahrenheit 451," Winston Smith in "1984,"
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ื’ืื™ ืžื•ื ื˜ื’ ื‘ "ืคืจื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ 451," ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืกืžื™ืช' ื‘ "1984,"
01:13
who unwittingly ends up challenging those in power -- that is,
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ืฉื‘ืœื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— -- ืฉื–ื”,
01:16
those who abuse their power to brainwash the populace to believe that the ills of society have been eliminated.
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ืืœื” ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœืจืขื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ืžื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืœื™ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื•ื’ืจื•.
01:24
Ideally, those who challenge the establishment should be wise, confident, brave,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™, ืืœื” ืฉืžืืชื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืžืกื“ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ืืžื™ืฆื™ื,
01:30
physically strong, with a type of charisma that inpires followers.
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ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืคื™ืกื™ืช, ืขื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชื ืช ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืžืืžื™ื ื™ื.
01:34
The anti-hero, however, at best demonstrates a few underdeveloped traits,
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ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืจืื” ื›ืžื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช,
01:40
at worst, is totally inept.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจืข, ื—ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:42
The story of the anti-hero usually unfolds something like this.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ ื›ืš.
01:48
The anti-hero initially conforms, ignorantly accepting the established views,
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ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืžืฉืชืœื‘, ืžืงื‘ืœ ืœืœื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช,
01:52
a typical, unquestioning, brainwashed member of society.
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ื—ื‘ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™, ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืžื•ื—, ื•ืœื ืžืชืจื™ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
01:57
The anti-hero struggles to conform, all the while starting to object,
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ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชืืžืฅ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“,
02:01
perhaps finding other outsiders with whom to voice his questions,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืขื•ื“ ืืื•ื˜ืกื™ื™ื“ืจื™ื ืื™ืชื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
02:05
and naรฏvely, unwisely, sharing those questions with an authority figure.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืื™ื‘ื™, ืœื ื—ื›ื, ื—ื•ืœืง ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืขื ื“ืžื•ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
02:12
The anti-hero openly challenges society,
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ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™,
02:15
and tries to fight against the lies and tactics used to oppress the populace.
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ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืฉืงืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื“ื›ื ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:19
This step, for the anti-hero, is seldom a matter of brave, wise and heroic opposition.
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ืœืื ื˜ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืืžื™ืฆื”, ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื”ืจื•ืื™ืช.
02:26
Maybe the anti-hero fights and succeeds in destroying the oppressive government,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ืœื—ื ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื›ื,
02:30
with a lot of impossible luck.
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ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ืœ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
02:33
Perhaps he or she runs away, escapes to fight another day.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื—ื™ื, ื ืžืœื˜ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ.
02:38
All too often though, the anti-hero is killed, or brainwashed
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ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื ื”ืจื’, ืื• ืžื•ื—ื• ื ืฉื˜ืฃ
02:43
to return to conformity with the masses.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื.
02:45
No heroic triumph here, no brave individual standing up against impersonal institutions of a modern world,
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ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืื™ ืคื”, ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืืžื™ืฅ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืžื•ืœ ืžืžืกื“ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™,
02:52
inspiring others to fight, or resourcefully outwitting and outgunning the massive army of the evil empire.
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ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœื”ืœื—ื, ืื• ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžืชื• ืื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจืฉืขื™ืช.
03:01
Our storytelling ancestors calmed our fears of powerlessness
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ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืขื• ืืช ืคื—ื“ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื
03:05
by giving us Hercules and other heroes strong enough to fight off the demons and monsters
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ื›ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืจืงื•ืœืก ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืฉื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช
03:10
that we suspected haunted the night beyond our campfires.
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ืฉื—ืฉื“ื ื• ืฉืจื“ืคื• ืืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
03:14
But eventually, we realized the monsters did not lie out there,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ืœื ืฉื›ื ื• ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
03:19
they reside inside of us.
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ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•.
03:22
Beowulf's greatest enemy was mortality.
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ื”ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื™ื•ื•ืœืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
03:25
Othello's, jealousy.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืœื•, ืงื ืื”.
03:28
Hiccup, self-doubt.
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ื”ื™ืงืืค, ืกืคืง ืขืฆืžื™.
03:30
And in the tales of the ineffectual anti-hero, in the stories of Guy Montag and Winston Smith,
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ื•ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืกืจ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื”, ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืื™ ืžื•ื ื˜ื’ ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืกืžื™ืช',
03:36
lie the warnings of contemporary storytellers playing on very primitive fears:
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ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ืฉืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื:
03:41
that we are not strong enough to defeat the monsters.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช.
03:45
Only this time, not the monsters chased away by the campfire,
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ืืœื ืฉื‘ืคืขื ื”ื–ื•, ืœื ื”ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืจื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื•ืจื”,
03:50
but the very monsters who built the campfire in the first place.
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ืืœื ื”ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื“ื•ืจื” ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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