The most common STI in the world - Emma Bryce

825,886 views ใƒป 2019-07-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:07
At some point,
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
00:08
most sexually active people will be infected with human papillomavirus,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื™ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืคืคื™ืœื•ืžื”,
00:12
or โ€˜HPV.โ€™
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ืื• HPV.
00:13
There are over 100 types of HPV,
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 100 ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ HPV,
00:16
and most of the time the body eliminates infections without symptomsโ€“
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ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื‘ืœื™ ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื --
00:20
but some strains can pose serious health risks down the line.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื–ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.
00:23
HPV causes contact infections,
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HPV ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื‘ืžื’ืข,
00:26
which means the virus stays in the cells near the point of infection
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชืื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”
00:30
rather than spreading throughout the whole body.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
00:32
Since HPV is often transmitted through sexual activity,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื• HPV ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช,
00:36
this usually means the cells of the vagina, vulva, penis, anus,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืื’ื™ื ื”, ื”ืคื™ืŸ, ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ื,
00:40
mouth and throat.
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ื”ืคื” ื•ื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ.
00:41
We can test for HPV in cells from these areas,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ HPV ื‘ืชืื™ื ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
00:44
but while testing for the virus is scientifically possible,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
00:47
it isnโ€™t common.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ืคื•ืฆื”.
00:49
The main reason is that,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื,
00:50
while there are treatments for the adverse health effects caused by HPV,
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ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ HPV,
00:54
thereโ€™s no treatment for the virus itself.
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ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืขืฆืžื•.
00:56
So testing for HPV would yield many, many positives,
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ืื– ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ HPV ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
01:00
and although most of them wonโ€™t be cause for concern,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื“ืื’ื•ืช,
01:02
there is still no treatment plan for clearing the body of the virus.
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ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.
01:07
But there are other good ways to protect yourself from HPV.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื ืž HPV.
01:10
Weโ€™re going to walk through how HPV can cause harm,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืจืื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื™ืš HPV ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ื™ืง,
01:13
whoโ€™s at risk, and how to minimize those risks.
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ืžื™ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ืื™ืš ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
01:17
The bodyโ€™s immune system is able to eradicate most strains of HPV
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื–ื ื™ ื” HPV
01:21
before they cause any harmโ€”
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื --
01:23
and without people even knowing theyโ€™ve been infected.
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื“ืขื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื ื“ื‘ืงื•.
01:26
Certain other strainsโ€“
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ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื --
01:28
like HPV 6 and 11โ€“
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ื›ืžื• HPV 6 ื• 11 --
01:30
cause abnormalities in the cells of the infected tissue,
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืคื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื•,
01:33
which can develop into genital warts.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืœื™ื‘ืœื•ืช ื’ื ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช.
01:36
While these are infectious and require treatment,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืœื” ืžื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ,
01:39
usually with topical creams,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื ืžืฉื—ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
01:41
wart-causing strains donโ€™t create longer-term damage.
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ื–ื ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื™ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื ื–ืง ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš.
01:45
But another 13 strains can cause DNA mutations that cause cells to divide
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ืื‘ืœ 13 ื–ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช DNA ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืชืื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง
01:49
at a much faster pace than normal,
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ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืจื’ื™ืœ,
01:52
propelling the development of cancerous growths.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื.
01:55
The cells of the cervix are especially at risks.
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ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืจื—ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:57
Two in particularโ€“
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ --
01:59
HPV 16 and 18โ€“
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HPV 16 ื• 18 --
02:01
are responsible for the majority of cases of cervical cancer,
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ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืจื—ื,
02:05
which is now the fourth most common type of cancer in women.
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ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ื ืฉื™ื.
02:08
It can take up to 20 years for cancer symptoms to appear,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืขื“ 20 ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืฉืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืคื™ืขื•,
02:12
but with regular screening,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืกืงื™ืจื•ืช ืกื“ื™ืจื•ืช,
02:13
we can discover cellular abnormalities in the cervix
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืชืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืจื—ื
02:16
before they develop into cancer.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ.
02:19
Women over 21 can undergo a regular pap smear,
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ื ืฉื™ื ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ 21 ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืคืืค ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ื•ืช,
02:22
where a sample of tissue is gently scraped from the lining of the cervix
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื’ื•ืจื“ืช ืžืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืจื—ื
02:25
to test for abnormal cells.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืœื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื.
02:28
A positive test doesnโ€™t mean the person has cervical cancer,
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ืชื•ืฆืื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืœื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืœืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืจื—ื,
02:31
but rather that there are irregular cells in the cervix
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ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืื™ื ืœื ืกื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืจื—ื
02:34
that could develop into cancer in the future.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
02:37
Patients are then either monitored with more frequent pap smears,
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ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชื›ื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืคืืค,
02:40
or, for more severe irregularities,
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ืื•, ืœืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช,
02:43
undergo a procedure called a colposcopy.
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ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืงืจื ืงื•ืœืคื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื”.
02:45
This involves a doctor examining the cervix through a microscope,
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ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจื•ืคื ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืจื—ื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค,
02:49
and possibly taking a small biopsy of tissue for closer examination.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื•ืงื— ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื” ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:54
In some cases, the affected tissue may be removed.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืกืจ.
02:58
HPV infections of the throat may lead to head and neck cancers,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช HPV ื‘ื’ืจื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ืจืืฉ ืื• ืฆื•ื•ืืจ,
03:02
but for now thereโ€™s no equivalent of the pap smear for the throat.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืคืืค ืœื’ืจื•ืŸ.
03:05
Using condoms helps prevent the spread of HPV during sex.
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ HPV ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ.
03:09
And there are three safe, effective vaccines that all target HPV 16 and 18.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ HPV 16 ื• 18.
03:15
The vaccine comes in two or three doses a few months apart,
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ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
03:19
and itโ€™s only beneficial if you receive them all.
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ื•ื”ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืจืง ืื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ.
03:22
Right now the vaccine is part of standard care for girls aged 11 to 18
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ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ 11 ืขื“ 18
03:27
in many countriesโ€“
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช --
03:28
though itโ€™s increasingly becoming available to boys as well.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
03:31
Adult women and men in countries including the United States and the United Kingdom
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ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืื ื’ืœื™ื”
03:36
can opt to receive the vaccine,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
03:38
and evidence suggests that vaccination of women and men
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ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืจืื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
03:41
could reduce the worldwide incidence of cervical cancer by almost 90%.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืจื—ื ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ 90%.
03:46
Researchers are also developing an injection
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื’ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื–ืจื™ืงื”
03:49
for people who are already infected with HPV 16 and 18,
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ HPV 16 ื• 18,
03:52
which would target the infected cells
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืชืื™ื ื”ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื
03:54
to stop them from developing into cancerous ones.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื.
03:57
So while thereโ€™s still room for improvement in screening,
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ืื– ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืกืงื™ืจื•ืช,
04:00
treatment, and access to each,
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ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื,
04:02
condom use, vaccination, and cervical screening
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืกืงื™ืจืช ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืจื—ื
04:05
can each reduce the harm caused by HPV.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉ HPV ื’ื•ืจื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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