Newton's 3 Laws, with a bicycle - Joshua Manley

2,150,555 views ใƒป 2012-09-19

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: eviatar edlerman
00:14
Have you ever noticed that it's harder to start pedaling your bicycle
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ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื“ื•ื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื
00:17
than it is to ride at a constant speed?
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื”?
00:20
Or wondered what causes your bicycle to move?
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ืื• ืชื”ื™ืชื ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœื–ื•ื–?
00:23
Or thought about why it goes forward instead of backwards or sideways?
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ืื• ื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืœืžื” ื”ื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืœื ืื—ื•ืจื” ืื• ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื?
ืื•ืœื™ ืœื, ื•ืืชื ืœื ืœื‘ื“.
00:27
Perhaps not, and you wouldn't be alone.
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ืจืง ื‘ืžืื” ื” 17
00:30
It wasn't until the 17th century
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00:31
that Isaac Newton described the fundamental laws of motion
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ืื™ื™ื–ืง ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”
00:34
and we understood the answer to these three questions.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
00:37
What Newton recognized was that things tend to keep on doing
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ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช
00:40
what they are already doing. So when your bicycle is stopped,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื. ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื,
00:43
it stays stopped, and when it is going,
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ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื, ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื,
00:46
it stays going.
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ื”ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข.
00:48
Objects in motion tend to stay in motion
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ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื ื•ืข
00:50
and objects at rest tend to stay at rest.
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ื•ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืžื•ื“.
ื–ื” ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ.
00:53
That's Newton's First Law.
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00:55
Physicists call it the Law of Inertia, which is a fancy way of saying
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ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื™ื ืจืฆื™ื”, ืฉื–ื” ืžื™ืœื” ืžืคื•ืืจืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื“
00:59
that moving objects don't spontaneously speed up, slow down, or change direction.
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ืฉื—ืคืฆื™ื ื ืขื™ื ืœื ืžืื™ืฆื™ื ืคืชืื•ื, ืžืื™ื˜ื™ื, ืื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
01:03
It is this inertia that you must overcome to get your bicycle moving.
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ื–ื• ื”ืื™ื ืจืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืœื–ื•ื–.
01:09
Now you know that you have to overcome inertia to get your bicycle moving,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ืจืฆื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืœื–ื•ื–,
01:12
but what is it that allows you to overcome it?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”?
01:14
Well, the answer is explained by Newton's Second Law.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ.
ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ
01:18
In mathematical terms, Newton's Second Law says
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01:20
that force is the product of mass times acceleration.
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ืฉื›ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืžืกื” ื•ืชืื•ืฆื”.
01:24
To cause an object to accelerate, or speed up,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ืคืฅ ืœื”ืื™ืฅ, ืื• ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
01:27
a force must be applied.
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ื›ื•ื— ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืขืœ.
01:29
The more force you apply,
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ื›ืžื” ืฉืชืคืขื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื—,
01:31
the quicker you accelerate. And the more mass your bicycle has,
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ืชืื™ืฆื• ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื”,
01:34
and the more mass you have too,
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื”,
01:36
the more force you have to use to accelerate at the same rate.
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ืชืฆืชืจื›ื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืงืฆื‘.
01:39
This is why it would be really difficult to pedal a 10,000 pound bicycle.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื” ืœืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ 5 ื˜ื•ืŸ.
01:43
And it is this force, which is applied by your legs pushing down on the pedals,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ื•ื—, ืฉืžื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืฉื“ื•ื—ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื“ืœื™ื,
ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื™ื ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ.
01:49
that allows you to overcome Newton's Law of Inertia.
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ื›ืžื” ืฉืชืœื—ืฆื• ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคื“ืœื™ื, ื”ื›ื•ื— ื™ื’ื“ืœ
01:52
The harder you push down on the pedals, the bigger the force
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01:54
and the quicker you accelerate.
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ื•ืชืื™ืฆื• ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:56
Now on to the final question:
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”:
01:58
When you do get your bike moving,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื›ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืœื–ื•ื–,
02:00
why does it go forward?
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ืœืžื” ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”?
ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืœื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื”,
02:03
According to Newton's Third Law, for every action,
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02:05
there is an equal and opposite reaction.
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ื™ืฉ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืคื•ื›ื”.
02:07
To understand this, think about what happens when you drop a bouncy ball.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”, ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืคื™ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืงื•ืคืฆื ื™.
ื›ืฉื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ืคืฆื ื™ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืจืฆืคื”,
02:12
As the bouncy ball hits the floor,
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02:13
it causes a downward force on the floor.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื•ื— ื™ื•ืจื“ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”.
02:15
This is the action.
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ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”.
02:17
The floor reacts by pushing on the ball with the same force,
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ื”ืจืฆืคื” ืžื’ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื—ื™ืคืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื•ื—,
02:21
but in the opposite direction, upward,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ - ืœืžืขืœื” -
02:24
causing it to bounce back up to you.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื• ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืืœื™ื›ื.
02:27
Together, the floor and the ball form what's called
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ื™ื—ื“, ื”ืจืฆืคื” ื•ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื
02:29
the action/reaction pair. When it comes to your bicycle,
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ืฆืžื“ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”. ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื,
02:32
it is a little more complicated. As your bicycle wheels spin
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ื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš. ื›ืฉื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘
02:35
clockwise, the parts of each tire touching the ground
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ืขื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฆืžื™ื’ ืฉื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื”
02:39
push backwards against the Earth:
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ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื” ื ื’ื“ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ -
02:41
the actions. The ground pushes forward with the same force
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ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”. ื”ืื“ืžื” ื“ื•ื—ืคืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื•ื—
02:45
against each of your tires: the reactions.
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ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื - ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.
ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉื ื™ ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฆืžื“ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”
02:49
Since you have two bicycle tires, each one forms an action/reaction pair
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02:53
with the ground. And since the Earth is really, really, really big
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ืขื ื”ืื“ืžื”. ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
02:56
compared to your bicycle, it barely moves
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื–ื–
02:59
from the force caused by your bicycle tires pushing backwards,
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ืžื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉื ื’ืจื ืžืฆืžื™ื’ื™ ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืฉื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืื—ื•ืจื” -
03:02
but you are propelled forward.
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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