The dark history of zombies - Christopher M. Moreman

961,834 views ใƒป 2022-04-21

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Jenny Rublevsky
00:06
Animated corpses appear in stories all over the world
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ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
00:10
throughout recorded history.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“ืช.
00:12
But zombies have a distinct lineageโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ืช --
00:15
one that traces back to Equatorial and Central Africa.
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ืื—ืช ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื ื™ืช.
00:19
The first clue is in the word โ€œzombieโ€ itself.
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ื”ืจืžื– ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ ืขืฆืžื”.
00:22
Its exact etymological origins are unknown,
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื” ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื,
00:25
but there are several candidates.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื.
00:27
The Mitsogho people of Gabon, for example, use the word โ€œndzumbiโ€ for corpse.
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ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžื™ืฆื•ื’ื•ื”ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืŸ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื” โ€œื ื“ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™โ€ ืœื’ื•ื•ื™ื”.
00:32
The Kikongo word โ€œnzambiโ€ refers variously to the supreme being,
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืžืงื™ืงื•ื ื’ื• โ€œื ื–ืžื‘ื™โ€ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”,
00:37
an ancestor with superhuman abilities, or another deity.
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืื• ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช.
00:41
And, in certain languages spoken in Angola and the Congo,
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ื•ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื’ื•,
00:45
โ€œzumbiโ€ refers to an object inhabited by a spirit,
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โ€œื–ื•ืžื‘ื™โ€ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืขืฆื ืฉื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืจื•ื—,
00:49
or someone returned from the dead.
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ืื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืžื”ืžืชื™ื.
00:52
There are also similarities in certain cultural beliefs.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
00:55
For example, in Kongo tradition, itโ€™s thought that once someone dies,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•, ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืช,
01:00
their spirit can be housed in a physical object
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ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ืคื™ื–ื™
01:03
which might bring protection and good luck.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ืžื–ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘.
01:05
Similar beliefs about what might happen to someoneโ€™s soul
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ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืงื•ืจื” ืœืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
01:09
after death are held in various parts of Africa.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
01:13
Between 1517 and 1804,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 1517 ื• 1804,
01:16
France and Spain enslaved hundreds of thousands of African people,
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ืฆืจืคืช ื•ืกืคืจื“ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื,
01:21
taking them to the Caribbean island
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ื•ืœืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืื™ ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™
01:23
that now contains Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
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ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ืช.
01:26
There, the religious beliefs of enslaved African people
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ืฉื, ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื
01:30
mixed with the Catholic traditions of colonial authorities
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ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื• ืขื ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช
01:33
and a religion known as โ€œvodouโ€ developed.
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ื•ื“ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ื•ื•ื“ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื”.
01:37
According to some vodou beliefs, a personโ€™s soul can be captured and stored,
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ืœืคื™ ื›ืžื” ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื“ื•, ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืœื›ื“ ื•ืœื”ืฉืžืจ,
01:42
becoming a body-less โ€œzombi.โ€
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœโ€œื–ื•ืžื‘ื™โ€ ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ.
01:45
Alternatively, if a body isnโ€™t properly attended to soon after death,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืื ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช,
01:50
a sorcerer called a โ€œbokorโ€ can capture a corpse
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ืžื›ืฉืฃ ื‘ืฉื โ€œื‘ื•ืงื•ืจโ€ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื”
01:54
and turn it into a soulless zombi that will perform their bidding.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ืœื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืจื•ื— ืฉื™ื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื•.
01:58
Historically, these zombis were said to be put to work as laborers
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
02:03
who needed neither food nor rest and would enrich their captorโ€™s fortune.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืื• ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื• ืืช ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื”ื.
02:08
In other words, zombification seemed to represent the horrors of enslavement
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“
02:13
that many Haitian people experienced.
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ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ื•.
02:16
It was the worst possible fate:
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ื”ืืคืฉืจื™:
02:18
a form of enslavement that not even death could free you from.
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ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืชื›ื ืžืžื ื”.
02:23
The zombi was deprived of an afterlife and trapped in eternal subjugation.
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ื”ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ ื ื•ืฉืœ ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื•ื ืœื›ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™.
02:28
Because of this, in Haitian culture,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”, ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™,
02:31
zombis are commonly seen as victims deserving of sympathy and care.
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ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ื›ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื”ื ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื™ื” ื•ื™ื—ืก ื˜ื•ื‘.
02:36
The zombie underwent a transformation after the US occupation
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ื”ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
02:40
of Haiti began in 1915โ€”
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ 1915 --
02:43
this time, through the lens of Western pop culture.
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ื”ืคืขื, ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืค ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
02:47
During the occupation, US citizens propagated many racist beliefs
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ, ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื ื—ื™ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื•ืช
02:51
about Black Haitian people.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืื™ื˜ื™.
02:53
Among false accounts of devil worship and human sacrifice,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ืŸ ื•ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
02:57
zombie stories captured the American imagination.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
03:00
And in 1932, zombies debuted on the big screen
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ื•ื‘ 1932, ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืคืจืฆื• ืœืžืกืš ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
03:05
in a film called โ€œWhite Zombie.โ€
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ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืฉื ืงืจื โ€œื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ื.โ€
03:07
Set in Haiti, the filmโ€™s protagonist must rescue his fiancรฉe
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื”ืื™ื˜ื™, ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืืจื•ืกืชื•
03:11
from an evil vodou master who runs a sugar mill using zombi labor.
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ืžืžืืกื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื•ื“ื• ื”ืจืฉืข ืฉืžืคืขื™ืœ ืžืคืขืœ ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื.
03:16
Notably, the film's main object of sympathy isn't the enslaved workforce,
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“,
03:22
but the victimized white woman.
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ืืœื ืœืงืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ.
03:24
Over the following decades, zombies appeared in many American films,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
03:28
usually with loose references to Haitian culture,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืงืœื•ืฉ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืื™ื˜ื™,
03:31
though some veered off to involve aliens and Nazis.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืžื” ืกื˜ื• ืœืขืจื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื ืืฆื™ื.
03:35
Then came the wildly influential 1968 film โ€œNight of the Living Dead,โ€
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ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ 1968 โ€œืœื™ืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,โ€
03:40
in which a group of strangers tries to survive an onslaught
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ื‘ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ื ืžื ืกื” ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืžืชืงืคื”
03:43
of slow-moving, flesh-eating monsters.
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ืฉืœ ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
03:47
The filmโ€™s director remarked that he never envisioned his living dead as zombies.
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ื‘ืžืื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื›ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื.
03:52
Instead, it was the audience who recognized them as such.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฉื–ื™ื”ื” ืื•ืชื ื›ื›ืืœื”.
03:55
But from then on, zombies became linked to an insatiable craving for fleshโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื–, ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœื›ืžื™ื”ื” ื”ืœื ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืœื‘ืฉืจ --
04:00
with a particular taste for brains added in 1985โ€ฒs โ€œThe Return of the Living Dead.โ€
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ืขื ื˜ืขื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืกืคื” ื‘โ€œื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ืโ€ ื‘ 1985.
04:07
In these and many subsequent films, no sorcerer controls the zombies;
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ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•, ืืฃ ืžื›ืฉืฃ ืœื ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื;
04:11
theyโ€™re the monsters.
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ื”ื ื”ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช.
04:14
And in many iterations, later fueled by 2002โ€ฒs โ€œ28 Days Later,โ€
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ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื–ืจื•ืช, ืžืชื•ื“ืœืงื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ โ€œ28 ื™ืžื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸโ€ ืž 2002,
04:20
zombification became a contagious phenomenon.
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ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ืžื“ื‘ืงืช.
04:23
For decades now, artists around the world have used zombies
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืžื ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื
04:27
to shine a light on the social ills and anxieties of their momentโ€”
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืข --
04:32
from consumer culture to the global lack of disaster preparedness.
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ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืืกื•ื ื•ืช.
04:36
But, in effect, American pop culture also initially erased the zombies originsโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืค ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืžื—ืงื” ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื --
04:42
cannibalizing its original significance
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ืขื•ืฉื” ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื
04:45
and transforming the victim into the monster.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืžืคืœืฆื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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