The dark history of zombies - Christopher M. Moreman

985,180 views ・ 2022-04-21

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: SOHYE PARK κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
Animated corpses appear in stories all over the world
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μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” μ‹œμ²΄λŠ” μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ 이야기에
역사가 κΈ°λ‘λ˜λŠ” λ‚΄λ‚΄ λ“±μž₯ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ,
00:10
throughout recorded history.
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00:12
But zombies have a distinct lineageβ€”
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μ’€λΉ„λŠ” λšœλ ·ν•œ ν˜ˆν†΅μ΄ 있고
00:15
one that traces back to Equatorial and Central Africa.
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그것은 적도와 μ€‘μ•™μ•„ν”„λ¦¬μΉ΄λ‘œ 거슬러 μ˜¬λΌκ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:19
The first clue is in the word β€œzombie” itself.
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첫 번째 λ‹¨μ„œλŠ” β€˜μ’€λΉ„β€™λΌλŠ” 단어 μžμ²΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
Its exact etymological origins are unknown,
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μ–΄μ›μ˜ μ •ν™•ν•œ μœ λž˜λŠ” μ•Œλ €μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ§€λ§Œ,
00:25
but there are several candidates.
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λͺ‡ κ°€μ§€ κ°€λŠ₯성이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:27
The Mitsogho people of Gabon, for example, use the word β€œndzumbi” for corpse.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, κ°€λ΄‰μ˜ 미츠고쑱은 μ‹œμ²΄λ₯Ό β€˜μ€μ€ŒλΉ„β€™λΌκ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
The Kikongo word β€œnzambi” refers variously to the supreme being,
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μ½©κ³ μ–΄μ—μ„œ β€˜μ€μž λΉ„β€™λŠ” μ΄ˆμ›”μ μΈ μ‘΄μž¬λΆ€ν„°
00:37
an ancestor with superhuman abilities, or another deity.
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초인적인 λŠ₯λ ₯을 κ°–μΆ˜ 쑰상, λ‹€λ₯Έ 신적 μ‘΄μž¬κΉŒμ§€λ₯Ό κ°€λ¦¬ν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
And, in certain languages spoken in Angola and the Congo,
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앙골라와 μ½©κ³ μ—μ„œ μ“°λŠ” 일뢀 μ–Έμ–΄μ—μ„œ
00:45
β€œzumbi” refers to an object inhabited by a spirit,
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β€˜μ€ŒλΉ„β€™λŠ” 영혼이 κΉƒλ“  λ¬Όμ²΄λ‚˜
00:49
or someone returned from the dead.
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μ£½μ—ˆλ‹€κ°€ μ‚΄μ•„λ‚œ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
There are also similarities in certain cultural beliefs.
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문화적 신념에도 μœ μ‚¬μ„±μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
For example, in Kongo tradition, it’s thought that once someone dies,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 콩고 κ΄€μŠ΅μ—μ„œλŠ” μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 일단 μ‚¬λ§ν•˜λ©΄
01:00
their spirit can be housed in a physical object
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영혼이 물건에 λ“€μ–΄κ°€μ„œ
01:03
which might bring protection and good luck.
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ν‰μ•ˆκ³Ό ν–‰μš΄μ„ 가져닀쀄 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ—¬κ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:05
Similar beliefs about what might happen to someone’s soul
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μ£½κ³  λ‚˜λ©΄ μ˜ν˜Όμ— 이런 일이 일어날지도 λͺ¨λ₯Έλ‹€λŠ” λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 생각이
01:09
after death are held in various parts of Africa.
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아프리카 μ—¬λŸ¬ μ§€μ—­μ—μ„œ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:13
Between 1517 and 1804,
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1517λ…„λΆ€ν„° 1804λ…„κΉŒμ§€
01:16
France and Spain enslaved hundreds of thousands of African people,
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ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ™€ 슀페인이 μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ 아프리카 인듀을 λ…Έμ˜ˆλ‘œ μ‚Όμ•˜κ³ ,
01:21
taking them to the Caribbean island
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카리브 ν•΄μ˜ μ„¬λ“€λ‘œ λ°λ €κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
that now contains Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
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ν˜„μž¬ 아이티와 λ„λ―Έλ‹ˆμΉ΄ 곡화ꡭ이 μžˆλŠ” 곳이죠.
01:26
There, the religious beliefs of enslaved African people
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λ…Έμ˜ˆκ°€ 된 아프리카 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ 쒅ꡐ적 신념은
01:30
mixed with the Catholic traditions of colonial authorities
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κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ 식민지 μ§€λ°°μžλ“€μ˜ 가톨릭 전톡과 ν˜Όν•©λ˜μ–΄
01:33
and a religion known as β€œvodou” developed.
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β€˜λΆ€λ‘κ΅β€™λΌκ³  μ•Œλ €μ§„ μ’…κ΅λ‘œ νƒ„μƒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
According to some vodou beliefs, a person’s soul can be captured and stored,
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λΆ€λ‘κ΅μ˜ 일뢀 λ―ΏμŒμ— λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄, μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ μ˜ν˜Όμ€ ν¬νšλ˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ €μž₯λ˜μ–΄
01:42
becoming a body-less β€œzombi.”
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μœ‘μ²΄κ°€ μ—†λŠ” β€˜μ’€λΉ„β€™κ°€ 될 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:45
Alternatively, if a body isn’t properly attended to soon after death,
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ν˜Ήμ€, μ‹œμ²΄κ°€ 사후에 μ¦‰μ‹œ μ œλŒ€λ‘œ μ²˜λ¦¬λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄,
01:50
a sorcerer called a β€œbokor” can capture a corpse
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β€˜λ³΄μ½”λ₯΄β€™λΌλŠ” λ§ˆλ²•μ‚¬κ°€ μ‹œμ²΄λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§€ν•΄μ„œ
01:54
and turn it into a soulless zombi that will perform their bidding.
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μžμ‹ μ˜ λͺ…령을 λ”°λ₯΄λŠ” 영혼 μ—†λŠ” μ’€λΉ„λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
Historically, these zombis were said to be put to work as laborers
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역사상 이런 쒀비듀은
λ…Έλ™μžκ°€ λ˜μ–΄ μŒμ‹μ΄λ‚˜ νœ΄μ‹λ„ 없이 μΌν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
02:03
who needed neither food nor rest and would enrich their captor’s fortune.
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포획자의 μž¬μ‚°μ„ λΆˆλ €μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
In other words, zombification seemed to represent the horrors of enslavement
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λ‹€μ‹œ 말해, μ’€λΉ„κ°€ λ˜λŠ” 것은 λ§Žμ€ 아이티 인이 κ²½ν—˜ν–ˆλ˜
02:13
that many Haitian people experienced.
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λ…Έμ˜ˆν™”μ˜ 곡포λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” λ“―ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
It was the worst possible fate:
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μ΅œμ•…μ˜ λΉ„μš΄μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
a form of enslavement that not even death could free you from.
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μ£½μŒμœΌλ‘œλ„ λ²—μ–΄λ‚  수 μ—†λŠ” λ…Έμ˜ˆκ°€ λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
The zombi was deprived of an afterlife and trapped in eternal subjugation.
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μ’€λΉ„λŠ” 사후 세계λ₯Ό λ°•νƒˆλ‹Ήν•˜κ³ 
μ˜μ›ν•œ λ³΅μ’…μ΄λΌλŠ” 덫에 κ±Έλ €λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
Because of this, in Haitian culture,
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이 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—, 아이티 λ¬Έν™”μ—μ„œ
02:31
zombis are commonly seen as victims deserving of sympathy and care.
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μ’€λΉ„λŠ” λŒ€μ²΄λ‘œ ν¬μƒμžλ‘œ 여겨지며
동정을 λΆˆλŸ¬μΌμœΌν‚€κ³  λ³΄ν˜Έκ°€ ν•„μš”ν•œ μ‘΄μž¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
The zombie underwent a transformation after the US occupation
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1915λ…„ 미ꡭ이 아이티λ₯Ό μ λ Ήν•œ ν›„ μ’€λΉ„λŠ” λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό λ§žμ΄ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
02:40
of Haiti began in 1915β€”
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μ΄λ²ˆμ—λŠ” μ„œμ–‘ λŒ€μ€‘λ¬Έν™”μ˜ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ λ³€λͺ¨ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
this time, through the lens of Western pop culture.
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02:47
During the occupation, US citizens propagated many racist beliefs
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점령 κΈ°κ°„ λ™μ•ˆ, λ―Έκ΅­ μ‹œλ―Όλ“€μ€ 흑인 아이티 인듀에 λŒ€ν•œ
인쒅차별적 생각을 많이 νΌνŠΈλ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
about Black Haitian people.
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02:53
Among false accounts of devil worship and human sacrifice,
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μ•…λ§ˆλ₯Ό μˆ­λ°°ν•˜κ³  인간을 ν¬μƒν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ§“λœ 해석이 더해져,
02:57
zombie stories captured the American imagination.
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μ’€λΉ„ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λŠ” 미ꡭ인의 상상λ ₯을 μ‚¬λ‘œμž‘μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
And in 1932, zombies debuted on the big screen
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1932λ…„, μ’€λΉ„κ°€ κ·Ήμž₯에 처음 λ“±μž₯ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
03:05
in a film called β€œWhite Zombie.”
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β€˜ν™”μ΄νŠΈ μ’€λΉ„β€™λΌλŠ” μ˜ν™”μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
Set in Haiti, the film’s protagonist must rescue his fiancΓ©e
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아이티λ₯Ό 배경으둜 ν•˜λŠ” 이 μ˜ν™”μ˜ 주인곡은
μ’€λΉ„μ˜ 노동λ ₯을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 섀탕 곡μž₯을 μš΄μ˜ν•˜λŠ”
03:11
from an evil vodou master who runs a sugar mill using zombi labor.
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μ‚¬μ•…ν•œ 뢀두ꡐ μ‚¬μ œλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ•½ν˜Όμžλ₯Ό κ΅¬μΆœν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
Notably, the film's main object of sympathy isn't the enslaved workforce,
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μ£Όλͺ©ν•  점은 μ˜ν™”μ—μ„œ μ—°λ―Όμ˜ μ£Ό λŒ€μƒμ€
λ…Έμ˜ˆκ°€ 된 λ…Έλ™μžλ“€μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ ν¬μƒλœ λ°±μΈμ—¬μ„±μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
but the victimized white woman.
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03:24
Over the following decades, zombies appeared in many American films,
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κ·Έ ν›„ μˆ˜μ‹­ 년에 걸쳐 λ§Žμ€ λ―Έκ΅­μ˜ν™”μ— μ’€λΉ„κ°€ λ“±μž₯ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
03:28
usually with loose references to Haitian culture,
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λŒ€μ²΄λ‘œ 아이티 λ¬Έν™”λ₯Ό μ œλŒ€λ‘œ μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜κ³ 
03:31
though some veered off to involve aliens and Nazis.
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μΌλΆ€λŠ” 외계인과 λ‚˜μΉ˜λ₯Ό λ„£μ–΄μ„œ μ™œκ³‘ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
Then came the wildly influential 1968 film β€œNight of the Living Dead,”
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1968λ…„ λ§‰λŒ€ν•œ 영ν–₯을 끼친 μ˜ν™”μΈ
β€˜μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” μ‹œμ²΄λ“€μ˜ 밀’이 λ‚˜μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
in which a group of strangers tries to survive an onslaught
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이 μ˜ν™”μ—λŠ” μ„œλ‘œ 잘 λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 학살을 ν”Όν•΄ λ„λ§λ‹€λ‹ˆκ³ 
03:43
of slow-moving, flesh-eating monsters.
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괴물듀은 느릿느릿 μ›€μ§μ΄λ©΄μ„œ 살을 λœ―μ–΄λ¨ΉμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:47
The film’s director remarked that he never envisioned his living dead as zombies.
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이 μ˜ν™”μ˜ 감독은 μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” μ‹œμ²΄λ₯Ό μ’€λΉ„λ‘œ κ΅¬μƒν•œ 적이 μ—†λ‹€κ³  λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:52
Instead, it was the audience who recognized them as such.
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κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•œ 것은 였히렀 κ΄€κ°μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
But from then on, zombies became linked to an insatiable craving for fleshβ€”
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κ·Έλ•ŒλΆ€ν„° 쒀비듀은 μ‚¬λžŒκ³Ό λ™λ¬Όμ˜ 살을
끝없이 κ°ˆκ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” 쑴재둜 κ·Έλ €μ§€κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
with a particular taste for brains added in 1985β€²s β€œThe Return of the Living Dead.”
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1985λ…„ μ˜ν™” β€˜λ°”ν‹Έλ¦¬μ–Έβ€™μ—λŠ”
쒀비듀이 λ‡Œλ₯Ό μ›ν•˜λŠ” νŠΉμ΄ν•œ μ·¨ν–₯이 μΆ”κ°€λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
In these and many subsequent films, no sorcerer controls the zombies;
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λ’€λ₯Ό 이은 λ§Žμ€ μ˜ν™”μ—μ„œλ„
괴물이 된 μ’€λΉ„λ₯Ό ν†΅μ œν•˜λŠ” λ§ˆλ²•μ‚¬λŠ” μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:11
they’re the monsters.
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μ’€λΉ„λŠ” κ΄΄λ¬Όμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
And in many iterations, later fueled by 2002β€²s β€œ28 Days Later,”
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이런 κ²½ν–₯이 μ—¬λŸ¬ μ°¨λ‘€ λ˜ν’€μ΄λ˜λ©΄μ„œ,
λ‚˜μ€‘μ— 2002λ…„ μ˜ν™” ’28일 후’에 νž˜μž…μ–΄
04:20
zombification became a contagious phenomenon.
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μ’€λΉ„ν™”λŠ” 전염성이 μžˆλŠ” ν˜„μƒμ΄ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
For decades now, artists around the world have used zombies
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μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ μ˜ˆμˆ κ°€λ“€μ€ μˆ˜μ‹­ λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ μ’€λΉ„λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
04:27
to shine a light on the social ills and anxieties of their momentβ€”
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μ†ŒλΉ„λ¬Έν™”μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° λΆ€μ‹€ν•œ μž¬λ‚œ λŒ€λΉ„μ±…μ— 이λ₯΄κΈ°κΉŒμ§€
04:32
from consumer culture to the global lack of disaster preparedness.
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μ‹œλŒ€μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒμ  λ³‘νλ‚˜ λΆˆμ•ˆμ„ μ‘°λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:36
But, in effect, American pop culture also initially erased the zombies originsβ€”
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 사싀상 미ꡭ의 λŒ€μ€‘λ¬Έν™”λ„
μ²˜μŒλΆ€ν„° μ’€λΉ„μ˜ ν˜ˆν†΅μ„ μ—†μ•΄μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
cannibalizing its original significance
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본래의 의미λ₯Ό λ–Όμ–΄λ‚΄κ³ 
04:45
and transforming the victim into the monster.
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ν¬μƒμžλ₯Ό 괴물둜 λ°”κΎΈμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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