A day in the life of a teenager in medieval Baghdad - Birte Kristiansen and Petra Sijpesteijn

878,052 views

2023-03-21 ใƒป TED-Ed


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A day in the life of a teenager in medieval Baghdad - Birte Kristiansen and Petra Sijpesteijn

878,052 views ใƒป 2023-03-21

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:10
As the morning sun shines on the Golden Gate Palace,
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ื›ืฉืฉืžืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื–ื•ืจื—ืช ืขืœ ืืจืžื•ืŸ ืฉืขืจ ื”ื–ื”ื‘,
00:14
brother and sister Hisham and Asma prepare for the journey of a lifetime.
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ื”ืื— ื•ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืืกืžื” ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœืžืกืข ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:19
It is 791 CE, and the Abbasid Caliphate is at the height of its power,
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ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื 791 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ื—โ€™ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืืกื™ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื”,
00:25
stretching from India to North Africa.
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ืžืฉืชืจืขืช ืžื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืขื“ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
00:28
With over half a million inhabitants,
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ืขื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
00:30
its capital city of Madinat al-Salaam, also known as Baghdad,
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ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื” ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืืœ-ืกืœืื, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ื‘ื’ื“ืื“,
00:34
is the largest in the Islamic Empire, possibly the world.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:38
And it's only 30 years old.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืช 30.
00:41
Asma and Hisham will leave at sunset for the hajj,
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ืืกืžื” ื•ื”ื™ืฉืื ื™ืขื–ื‘ื• ื‘ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืœื—ืื’โ€™,
00:44
the holy pilgrimage to Mecca.
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ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืœืจื’ืœ ืœืžื›ื”.
00:46
Most people make the journey when theyโ€™re older and wealthier,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:50
but Hisham and Asma have wanted to make this journey together
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืื ื•ืืกืžื” ืจืฆื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“
00:53
since they were children.
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ืžืื– ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
00:55
They intend to travel with the big hajj caravan
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ื”ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ืขื ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืื’โ€ฒ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
00:57
that is protected by the caliph soldiers.
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ืฉืžื•ื’ื ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื”ื—โ€™ืœื™ืฃ.
01:00
The caliph Al-Rashid himself is also traveling with the caravan this year.
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ื’ื ื”ื—โ€™ืœื™ืฃ ืืœ-ืจืืฉื™ื“ ืขืฆืžื• ื ื•ืกืข ื”ืฉื ื” ืขื ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื”.
01:05
The hajj caravan is like a massive mobile city,
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ืฉื™ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ืื’โ€ฒ ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื™ื“ืช ืขื ืงื™ืช,
01:07
with soldiers, cooks, doctors and merchants, servants and enslaved people.
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ืขื ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื, ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื, ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื.
01:16
The journey is long, with dangers like disease, robbery, and dehydration.
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ื”ืžืกืข ืืจื•ืš, ืขื ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ืฉื•ื“ ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช.
01:22
Because of these perils, Hisham and Asma want to travel with the larger groupโ€”
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ื™ืฉืื ื•ืืกืžื” ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ืขื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ-
01:26
but a last-minute mishap threatens to undo months of careful planning.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืงืคื“ื ื™.
01:31
When the siblings visit the market to check on the supplies theyโ€™ve purchased,
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ื›ืฉื”ืื—ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืจื›ืฉื•,
01:35
the merchant tells them one of their camels has fallen ill,
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ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื ื”ืกื•ื—ืจ ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื’ืžืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื—ืœื”,
01:38
and he doesn't have any replacements.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ.
01:40
Without the camel, the siblings won't be able to depart with the caravan.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื’ืžืœ, ื”ืื—ื™ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืขื ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื”.
01:44
They search the marketplace,
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ื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง
01:46
bustling with people from different ethnic backgrounds,
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ื”ื•ืžื” ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจืงืขื™ื ืืชื ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:49
such as Persians, Arabs, Turks, Africans, and Indians,
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ื›ืžื• ืคืจืกื™ื, ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื, ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ื,
01:54
and following different religions like Islam, Judaism,
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ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ืชื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื™ืกืœืื, ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช,
01:58
Christianity, and Zoroastrianism.
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ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื•ื–ื•ืจื•ืืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
02:02
The market sells everything from locally made pottery, Egyptian glass,
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ื”ืฉื•ืง ืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœ ืžื›ืœื™ ื—ืจืก ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžืฆืจื™ืช,
02:06
and paper from Samarkand, to Chinese silk, gold from Africa,
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ื•ื ื™ื™ืจ ืžืกืžืจืงื ื“, ืœืžืฉื™ ืกื™ื ื™, ื•ื–ื”ื‘ ืžืืคืจื™ืงื”,
02:11
and fox fur from the distant north.
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ื•ืคืจื•ื•ืช ืฉื•ืขืœื™ื ืžื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง.
02:14
But with the caravan leaving tonight, no one has a camel available.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืžืœ ื–ืžื™ืŸ.
02:18
Though the hajj is primarily a religious journey,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ืื’โ€ฒ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืกืข ื“ืชื™,
02:21
the siblings have other, personal hopes for it.
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ืœืื—ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืœื›ืš.
02:24
Hisham and Asma come from a wealthy family and both had tutors as children.
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ื”ื™ืฉืื ื•ืืกืžื” ื‘ืื™ื ืžืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื.
02:29
Hisham is studying to become a scholar,
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ื”ื™ืฉืื ืœื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžืœื•ืžื“,
02:32
progressing from Arabic grammar to Islamic law and Persian love poetry,
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ืžืชืงื“ื ืžื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืืกืœืืžื™ ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช,
02:36
then to Indian-inspired mathematics and Greek philosophy and medicine.
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ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื”ืฉืจืื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืจืคื•ืื”.
02:41
With scholars from all over the empire traveling to Mecca
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ืขื ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืฉื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืœืžื›ื”
02:44
and important intellectual centers on the way,
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ื•ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš,
02:47
the hajj is a great learning opportunity.
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ื”ื—ืื’โ€ฒ ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช.
02:51
Asma, meanwhile, has literary ambitions.
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ืœืืกืžื”, ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
02:54
As a woman, a life of formal scholarship is not available to her.
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ื›ืื™ืฉื”, ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื’ื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืื™ื ื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื”.
02:58
Instead, she is honing her skills as a poet.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื ืžืœื˜ืฉืช ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช.
03:02
She hopes to compose poetry about the journey
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ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืข
03:04
that will catch the attention of important women in the city,
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ืฉืชืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ,
03:07
and maybe even Queen Zubayda.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื–ื•ื‘ืื™ื“ื”.
03:10
The siblings split up to search for a camel.
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ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ืชืคืฆืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื’ืžืœ.
03:12
Hisham heads toward the library complex to ask the scholarsโ€™ advice.
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ื”ื™ืฉืื ืคื•ื ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ื ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื.
03:17
An elderly scholar studying Galen and Hippocrates
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ืžืœื•ืžื“ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืฉืœื•ืžื“ ืืช ื’ืืœืŸ ื•ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืจื˜ืก
03:20
tells him how to treat a wound.
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ืื•ืžืจ ืœื• ืื™ืš ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืคืฆืข.
03:22
An Aramaic translator from Damascus shares a list of useful herbs
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ืžืชืจื’ื ืืจืžื™ืช ืžื“ืžืฉืง ื—ื•ืœืง ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืขืฉื‘ื™ ืชื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื
03:27
for upset stomach on the road.
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ืœืงืœืงื•ืœ ืงื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš.
03:29
A Persian poet wants to share his latest poetry,
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ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืคืจืกื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•,
03:32
but Hisham doesnโ€™t see how that will get him the camel for tonight,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืื ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ืฉื™ื’ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื’ืžืœ ืœื”ืœื™ืœื”,
03:35
so he kindly refuses.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืกืจื‘ ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
03:37
As he says goodbye, they give him the names of important theology scholars
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืคืจื“ ืœืฉืœื•ื, ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื• ืืช ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
03:41
to visit in Medina, on the way to Mecca.
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ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืžื›ื”.
03:44
But to get there, heโ€™ll need a camel.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื, ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ื’ืžืœ.
03:47
Meanwhile, Asma visits an older, married cousin.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืืกืžื” ืžื‘ืงืจืช ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื“ื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื•ื ืฉื•ืื”.
03:51
An enslaved girl opens the door, and takes Asma to the womenโ€™s quarters,
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ื™ืœื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ืช ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช, ื•ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืช ืืกืžื” ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื,
03:55
where men cannot enter.
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ืฉืœืฉื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก.
03:56
Her cousin wants to hear Asmaโ€™s latest poetry,
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ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื“ืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืกืžื”,
03:59
but Asma tells her sheโ€™s in a hurry and explains their predicament.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืกืžื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืžื”ืจืช ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ืžืฆื•ืงืชื.
04:03
Sheโ€™s in luckโ€” her cousinโ€™s husband has a camel to offer them.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžื–ืœ - ืœื‘ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื“ืชื” ื™ืฉ ื’ืžืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื”ื.
04:07
With their arrangements secure at last, they make their final preparations.
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ื›ืฉื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
04:11
At the designated times for men and women,
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื,
04:14
each performs a ritual ablution at one of Baghdadโ€™s many public bathhouses.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืจื—ืฆื” ืคื•ืœื—ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืจื—ืฅ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื“ืื“.
04:19
As the sun sets, the cityโ€™s criers announce the caravanโ€™s departure,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉื•ืงืขืช, ื›ืจื•ื–ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื›ืจื™ื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื”,
04:24
and the townspeople flock to watch the pilgrims leave.
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ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื•ื”ืจื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื’ืœ ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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