The truth about electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - Helen M. Farrell

835,353 views ใƒป 2019-01-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Shlomo Adam
00:06
In 1982, a young nurse was suffering from severe, unrelenting depression.
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ื‘-1982, ืื—ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืกื‘ืœื” ืžื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื•ืขื™ืงืฉ.
00:13
She couldnโ€™t work, socialize,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื,
00:14
or even concentrate well enough to read the newspaper.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ.
00:19
One treatment changed everything.
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ื›ืœ.
00:21
After two courses of electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT, her symptoms lifted.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื ื—ืฉืžืœื™, ืื• ื ื–ืขื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื ืขืœืžื•.
00:28
She went back to work, then on to graduate school, where she earned high grades.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.
00:33
At first, she talked openly about her life changing treatment.
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”.
00:37
But as she realized many people had an extremely negative impression of ECT,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื ื–ืขื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
00:42
she stopped sharing her experience.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš.
00:45
ECT carried a deep stigma,
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ืœื ื–ืขื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช,
00:47
leftover from a history that bears little resemblance to the modern procedure.
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ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
00:52
The therapy was first used in medicine in 1938.
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ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘-1938.
00:56
In its early years, doctors administered a strong electrical current to the brain,
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื•, ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื–ืจื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžื•ื—,
01:01
causing a whole-body seizure during which
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ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœืคืจื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
01:03
patients might bite their tongues or even break bones.
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ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื ืฉื™ื›ืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ืขืฆืžื•ืช.
01:08
Modern ECT is very different.
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื‘ื ื–ืขื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
01:11
While a patient is under general anesthesia,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ืจื“ืžื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช,
01:14
electrodes deliver a series of mild electrical pulses to the brain.
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ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœืกื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื ืœืžื•ื—.
01:19
This causes huge numbers of neurons to fire in unison:
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช:
01:23
a brief, controlled seizure.
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ื”ืชืงืฃ ืงืฆืจ ื•ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ.
01:26
A muscle relaxant keeps spasms from spreading to the rest of his body.
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืจื’ืขืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ืคืจื›ื•ืกื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืฉืืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
01:31
The only physical indication of the electricity flooding the brain
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ื”ืจืื™ื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—
01:35
is a twitching foot.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขื•ื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœ.
01:37
The treatment lasts for about a minute, and most patients are able
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืขืจืš ื“ืงื”, ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ
01:40
to resume normal activities about an hour after each session.
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ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืขื” ืื—ืจื™ื•.
01:45
ECT is commonly used to treat severe cases of major depression or bipolar disorder
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ื ื–ืขื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืื• ื”ืคืจืขื” ื“ื• ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ืช
01:51
in patients who havenโ€™t responded to other therapies,
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ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:54
or who have had adverse reactions to medication.
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ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
01:57
Half or more of those who undergo treatment experience an improvement
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ื—ืฆื™ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื–ื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ
02:01
in their symptoms.
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ื‘ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื”ื.
02:03
Most patients treated with ECT have two or three sessions per week for several weeks.
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื ื–ืขื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื 2 ืื• 3 ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
02:09
Some begin to notice an improvement in their symptoms after just one session,
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ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
02:13
while others take longer to respond.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘.
02:16
Patients often continue less frequent treatments for several months to a year,
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืชื›ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื ื”,
02:21
and some need occasional maintenance sessions for the rest of their lives.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืชื—ื–ื•ืงื” ืžื–ื“ืžื ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
02:25
Modern ECT is much safer than it used to be,
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ื ื–ืขื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
02:28
but patients can still experience side effects.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™.
02:31
They may feel achy, fatigued, or nauseated right after treatment.
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ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื‘, ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ืœื” ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
02:36
Some have trouble remembering what happened right before a sessionโ€”
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ืœืื—ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžื” ืงืจื” ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ --
02:39
for example, what they had for dinner the previous evening.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื” ื”ื ืื›ืœื• ืืžืฉ ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘.
02:42
Rarely, they might have trouble remembering up to weeks and months before.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื“ื™ืจ, ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
02:47
For most patients, this memory loss does improve over time.
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืคืจ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:51
What's fascinating is that despite its proven track record,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืจืชืง ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืžื•ื›ื—ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ,
02:54
we still don't know exactly why ECT works.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื ื–ืขื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื.
02:59
Neurons in the brain communicate via electrical signals,
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ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื,
03:02
which influence our brain chemistry, contributing to mood and behavior.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.
03:06
The flood of electrical activity sparked by ECT alters that chemistry.
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ืฉื˜ืฃ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืฉืžื•ืฆืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื–ืขื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
03:12
For example, ECT triggers the release of certain neurotransmitters,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื ื–ืขื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื,
03:16
molecules that help carry signals between neurons and influence mental health.
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืืช ืื•ืชื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช.
03:21
ECT also stimulates the flow of hormones that may help reduce symptoms of depression.
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ื ื–ืขื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืœืฉื›ืš ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.
03:27
Interestingly, ECT maintenance works better when paired with medication,
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื–ืขื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
03:31
even in patients who were resistant to medication before.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœื ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
03:35
As we come to a better understanding of the brain,
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ื›ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
03:38
weโ€™ll likely be able to make ECT even more effective.
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื ื–ืขื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:43
In 1995, more than a decade after her first course of ECT,
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ื‘-1995, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”,
03:48
the nurse decided to publish an account of her experience.
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ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืคืจืกื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื”.
03:52
Because of the stigma surrounding the treatment,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื” ืฉืžืงื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ,
03:53
she worried that doing so might negatively impact
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ื”ื™ื ื“ืื’ื” ืฉืžื ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืœืจืขื”
03:56
her personal and professional life,
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ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื,
03:58
but she knew ECT could make a difference for patients when all else failed.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื” ืฉื ื–ืขื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื.
04:04
Though misperceptions about ECT persist,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ื–ืขื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ,
04:07
accounts like hers have helped make doctors and patients alike
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ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื” ืขื–ืจื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื
04:10
aware of the treatmentโ€™s life changing potential.
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ืœืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืžืฉื ื”-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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