Are the Northern Lights dangerous? - Fabio Pacucci

495,881 views ใƒป 2022-03-31

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:07
On September 1st, 1859, miners following the Colorado gold rush woke up
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ื‘-1 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 1859, ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืจื“ื• ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•
00:12
to another sunny day.
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ืœื™ื•ื ืฉืžืฉื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
00:14
Or so they thought.
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ืื• ื›ืš ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•.
00:16
To their surprise, they soon discovered it was actually 1 am;
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ืœื”ืคืชืขืชื, ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” 1 ื‘ืœื™ืœื”;
00:20
and the sky wasnโ€™t lit by the Sun, but rather by brilliant drapes of light.
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ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืืœื ืžื•ื•ื™ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ.
00:26
The blazing glow could be seen as far as the Caribbean,
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ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืง ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื“ ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
00:29
leading people in many regions to believe that nearby cities had caught fire.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืขืจื™ื ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืขืœื• ื‘ืืฉ.
00:34
But the true cause of what would come to be known as the Carrington Event
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืžืชื™ืช ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ื ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ืงืจื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ
00:38
was a solar stormโ€” the largest in recorded history.
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ื”ื™ื” ืกืขืจื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช -- ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
00:43
Solar storms are one of many astrophysical phenomena caused by magnetic fields.
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ืกืขืจื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ืžืฉื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
00:48
These fields are generated by movements of electrically charged particles
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ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื
00:53
like protons and electrons.
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ื›ืžื• ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
00:55
For example, Earthโ€™s magnetic field is generated by charged molten metals
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืชื›ื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ื ื•ืช
01:00
circulating in the planet's outer core.
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ืฉืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
01:03
Similarly, the Sunโ€™s magnetic field is generated by large convective movements
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
01:07
in the plasma that composes the star.
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ื‘ืคืœื–ืžื” ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
01:10
As this plasma slowly swirls,
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ื›ืฉื”ืคืœื–ืžื” ืžืกืชื—ืจืจืช ื‘ืื˜ื™ื•ืช,
01:13
it creates areas of intense magnetic activity called sunspots.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื›ืชืžื™ ืฉืžืฉ.
01:18
The magnetic fields that form near these regions
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ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:21
often become twisted and strained.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืคื•ืชืœ ื•ืžืชื•ื—.
01:23
And when theyโ€™re stretched too far, they snap into simpler configurations,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืžืชื— ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื“ื™, ื”ื•ื ืžืชื ืชืง ืœืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:28
releasing energy that launches plasma from the Sunโ€™s surface.
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ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืžืฉื’ืจืช ืคืœื–ืžื” ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
01:32
These explosions are known as coronal mass ejections.
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ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืกื” ืžื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”.
01:38
The plasmaโ€” mostly made of protons and electronsโ€” accelerates rapidly,
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ื”ืคืœื–ืžื” - ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื -- ืžืื™ืฆื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
01:42
quickly reaching thousands of kilometers per second.
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ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
01:46
A typical coronal mass ejection covers the distance between the Sun and the Earth
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ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืžืกื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ืžื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:51
in just a couple of days,
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ืชื•ืš ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
01:52
flowing along the magnetic field that permeates the solar system.
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ื–ื•ืจืžืช ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
01:56
And those that cross the Earthโ€™s path are drawn to its magnetic field lines,
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ื•ืืœื• ืฉื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืœืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื•,
02:01
falling into the atmosphere around the planetโ€™s magnetic poles.
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ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช.
02:05
This tidal wave of high-energy particles excites atmospheric atoms
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ื’ืœ ื”ื”ืœื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื”
02:10
such as oxygen and nitrogen,
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ื›ืžื• ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื—ื ืงืŸ,
02:12
causing them to rapidly shed photons at various energy levels.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืฉื™ืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
02:17
The result is a magnificent light show we know as the auroras.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคืข ืื•ืจื•ืช ื ืคืœื ืฉืื•ืชื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื›ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™.
02:22
And while this phenomenon is usually only visible near the Earthโ€™s poles,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืจืื•ืช ืจืง ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
02:26
strong solar storms can bring in enough high energy particles
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ืกืขืจื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
02:30
to light up large stretches of the sky.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื.
02:34
The magnetic fields in our solar system are nothing
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ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื ื›ืœื•ื
02:37
compared to those found in deep space.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ืืœื• ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืขืžื•ืง.
02:40
Some neutron stars generate fields 100 billion times stronger
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ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืคื™ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“
02:45
than those found in sunspots.
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ืžืืœื• ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืชืžื™ ืฉืžืฉ.
02:47
And the magnetic fields around supermassive black holes
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ื•ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
02:50
expel jets of gas that extend for thousands of light years.
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ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ ื’ื– ืฉืžืฉืชืจืขื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ.
02:54
However, on Earth, even weak solar storms can be surprisingly dangerous.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืกืขืจื•ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข.
02:59
While the storms that reach us are generally harmless to humans,
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ืืžื ื ืกืขืจื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื,
03:03
the high-energy particles falling into the atmosphere
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื”
03:06
create secondary magnetic fields,
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื,
03:08
which in turn generate rogue currents that short-circuit electrical equipment.
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ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื–ืจืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืฉืžืงืฆืจื™ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
03:14
During the Carrington Event,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืื™ืจื•ืข ืงืจื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ,
03:16
the only widespread electrical technology was the telegraph.
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ืœื’ืจืฃ.
03:20
But since then, we've only become more dependent on electrical systems.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื–, ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืจืง ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช.
03:25
In 1921, another powerful solar storm caused telephones
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ื‘-1921, ืกืขืจื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื’ืจืžื” ืœื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื
03:30
and telegraph equipment around the globe to combust.
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ื•ืœืฆื™ื•ื“ ื˜ืœื’ืจืฃ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืืฉ.
03:33
In New York, the entire railway system was shut down and fires broke out
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ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืชื” ื•ืฉืจืคื•ืช ืคืจืฆื•
03:38
in the central control building.
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ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™.
03:40
Comparatively weak storms in 1989 and 2003
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ืกืขืจื•ืช ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘-1989 ื•ื‘-2003
03:44
turned off regions of the Canadian power grid
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ื ื™ืชืงื• ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืงื ื“ื™ืช
03:47
and damaged multiple satellites.
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ื•ืคื’ืžื• ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
03:50
If we were hit by a storm as strong as the Carrington Event today,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ืžืกืขืจื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื›ืžื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ืงืจื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื,
03:54
it could devastate our interconnected, electrified planet.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืŸ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ื•ืฉืžืœ ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
03:59
Fortunately, we're not defenseless.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ื’ื ื”.
04:01
After centuries of observing sunspots,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืชืžื™ ืฉืžืฉ,
04:04
researchers have learned the Sunโ€™s usual magnetic activity
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœืžื“ื• ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
04:07
follows an 11-year cycle,
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ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ 11 ืฉื ื™ื,
04:10
giving us a window into when solar storms are most likely to occur.
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ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืฆืฆื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืกืขืจื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืชืจื—ืฉื•.
04:14
And as our ability to forecast space weather has improved,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืฉืชืคืจื”,
04:18
so have our mitigation measures.
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ื›ืš ื’ื ืฆืขื“ื™ ื”ืžื ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•.
04:21
Power grids can be shut off in advance of a solar storm,
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ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืกืขืจื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช,
04:24
while capacitors can be installed to absorb the sudden influx of energy.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืงื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืงื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืืช ื–ืจื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™.
04:29
Many modern satellites and spacecraft are equipped with special shielding
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
04:33
to absorb the impact of a solar storm.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืกืขืจื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช.
04:37
But even with these safeguards,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
04:38
itโ€™s hard to say how our technology will fare during the next major event.
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ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืื™ืš ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืชืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื.
04:43
Itโ€™s possible weโ€™ll be left with only the aurora overhead
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืฉืืจ ืจืง ืขื ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืžืขืœื™ื ื•
04:47
to light the path forward.
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ืฉื™ืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืœืื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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