This one weird trick will help you spot clickbait - Jeff Leek & Lucy McGowan

790,475 views ใƒป 2019-06-06

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
One simple vitamin can reduce your risk of heart disease.
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ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘.
00:11
Eating chocolate reduces stress in students.
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ืื›ื™ืœืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื.
00:15
New drug prolongs lives of patients with rare disease.
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช.
00:20
Health headlines like these are published every day,
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ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื,
00:23
sometimes making opposite claims from each other.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืขืœื•ืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช.
00:26
There can be a disconnect between broad,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช,
00:28
attention-grabbing headlines and the often specific,
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ืœื•ื›ื“ื•ืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื
00:31
incremental results of the medical research they cover.
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ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืคืจืกืžื•ืช.
00:34
So how can you avoid being misled by grabby headlines?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืฉืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช?
00:39
The best way to assess a headlineโ€™s credibility
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขืจื›ืช ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช
00:42
is to look at the original research it reports on.
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ื”ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื”.
00:45
Weโ€™ve come up with a hypothetical research scenario
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ื”ืžืฆืื ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™
00:48
for each of these three headlines.
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
00:50
Keep watching for the explanation of the first example;
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ืฆืคื• ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
00:53
then pause at the headline to answer the question.
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ื•ืื– ืขืฆืจื• ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”.
00:56
These are simplified scenarios.
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ืืœื” ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื.
00:58
A real study would detail many more factors and how it accounted for them,
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื™ืชืืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคื•ืจื˜,
01:02
but for the purposes of this exercise,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
01:04
assume all the information you need is included.
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ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข.
01:11
Letโ€™s start by considering the cardiovascular effects
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืงืจื“ื™ื•-ื•ื•ืกืงื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช
01:14
of a certain vitamin, Healthium.
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ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, "ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืŸ".
01:17
The study finds that participants taking Healthium
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฆื ืฉืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉืœืงื—ื• ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืŸ
01:19
had a higher level of healthy cholesterol than those taking a placebo.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืืœื” ืฉืœืงื—ื• ืคืœืฆื‘ื•.
01:24
Their levels became similar to those of people with naturally high levels
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ืจืžืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืจืžื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช
01:28
of this kind of cholesterol.
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ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ ื–ื”.
01:29
Previous research has shown that people with naturally high levels
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืจืžื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช
01:33
of healthy cholesterol have lower rates of heart disease.
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ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื˜ื•ื‘ ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘.
01:37
So what makes this headline misleading:
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืœืžื˜ืขื”:
01:39
"Healthium reduces risk of heart disease."
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"ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืŸ ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘."
01:44
The problem with this headline is that the research didnโ€™t actually investigate
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืœื ื‘ื“ืง ืœืžืขืฉื”
01:48
whether Healthium reduces heart disease.
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ืื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืŸ ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘.
01:51
It only measured Healthiumโ€™s impact
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ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืŸ
01:53
on levels of a particular kind of cholesterol.
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ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ.
01:56
The fact that people with naturally high levels of that cholesterol
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืจืžื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”
01:59
have lower risk of heart attacks
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืงืคื™ ืœื‘
02:01
doesnโ€™t mean that the same will be true of people
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ืœื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื
02:04
who elevate their cholesterol levels using Healthium.
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ืฉืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืŸ.
02:07
Now that youโ€™ve cracked the case of Healthium,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืคื™ืฆื—ืชื ืืช ืžืงืจื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืŸ,
02:10
try your hand at a particularly alluring mystery:
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ื ืกื• ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื”ื‘ืื”:
02:13
the relationship between eating chocolate and stress.
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ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืœืœื—ืฅ.
02:17
This hypothetical study recruits ten students.
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื’ื™ื™ืก ืขืฉืจื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื.
02:20
Half begin consuming a daily dose of chocolate,
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ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื ืฆืจื›ื• ืžื ื” ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“,
02:23
while half abstain.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœื.
02:25
As classmates, they all follow the same schedule.
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ื›ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื›ื™ืชื”, ืœื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื•ื— ื–ืžื ื™ื.
02:28
By the end of the study, the chocolate eaters are less stressed
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ, ืื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืฆื™ื
02:32
than their chocolate-free counterparts.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“.
02:35
Whatโ€™s wrong with this headline:
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื–ื•:
02:37
"Eating chocolate reduces stress in students"
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"ืื›ื™ืœืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื"
02:43
Itโ€™s a stretch to draw a conclusion about students in general from a sample of ten.
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ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืขืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืžื“ื’ื ืฉืœ 10 ืื™ืฉ.
02:48
Thatโ€™s because the fewer participants are in a random sample,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ืžืงืจื™,
02:52
the less likely it is that the sample will closely represent
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ื›ืš ื™ื•ืจื“ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื”ืžื“ื’ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
02:54
the target population as a whole.
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ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืขื“ ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื”.
02:57
For example, if the broader population of students is half male and half female,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื™ืฉ 50% ื‘ื ื™ื ื•-50% ื‘ื ื•ืช,
03:02
the chance of drawing a sample of 10
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื“ื’ื ืžื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ 10
03:04
thatโ€™s skewed 70% male and 30% is about 12%.
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ 70% ื‘ื ื™ื ื• 30% ื‘ื ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš 12%.
03:10
In a sample of 100 that would be less than a .0025% chance,
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ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ืฉืœ 100 ืื™ืฉ, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž- 0.0025%,
03:15
and for a sample of 1000,
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ื•ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ืฉืœ 1,000 ืื™ืฉ,
03:17
the odds are less than 6 x 10^-36.
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืชื™ื ืž 6x 10^-36.
03:22
Similarly, with fewer participants,
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš, ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื
03:25
each individualโ€™s outcome has a larger impact on the overall resultsโ€”
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ืœื›ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช --
03:29
and can therefore skew big-picture trends.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช.
03:32
Still, there are a lot of good reasons for scientists to run small studies.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
03:37
By starting with a small sample,
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ื›ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ืžื“ื’ื ืงื˜ืŸ
03:39
they can evaluate whether the results are promising enough
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช
03:42
to run a more comprehensive, expensive study.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืงื™ืคื™ื.
03:45
And some research requires very specific participants
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื
03:48
that may be impossible to recruit in large numbers.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื.
03:51
The key is reproducibilityโ€”
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ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ --
03:54
if an article draws a conclusion from one small study,
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ืื ืžืืžืจ ืžืกื™ืง ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืžื—ืงืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืื—ื“,
03:57
that conclusion may be suspectโ€”
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ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื“ื” --
03:59
but if itโ€™s based on many studies that have found similar results,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืžืฆืื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช,
04:03
itโ€™s more credible.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžื™ืŸ.
04:04
Weโ€™ve still got one more puzzle.
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ื ื•ืชืจื” ืœื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช.
04:06
In this scenario, a study tests a new drug for a rare, fatal disease.
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ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืชืจื•ืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืžื—ืœื” ื ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช.
04:11
In a sample of 2,000 patients,
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ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ืฉืœ 2000 ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ืื•ื‘ื—ื ื•,
04:14
the ones who start taking the drug upon diagnosis
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ืืœื” ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื”
04:17
live longer than those who take the placebo.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืืœื• ืฉืœืงื—ื• ืคืœืฆื‘ื•.
04:21
This time, the question is slightly different.
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ื”ืคืขื, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื”.
04:23
Whatโ€™s one more thing youโ€™d like to know before deciding if the headline,
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืชืจืฆื• ืœื“ืขืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืื ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช,
04:28
"New drug prolongs lives of patients with rare disease", is justified?
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"ืชืจื•ืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืืจื™ื›ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ืžื—ืœื” ื ื“ื™ืจื”", ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช?
04:34
Before making this call,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชื—ืœื™ื˜ื•,
04:36
youโ€™d want to know how much the drug prolonged the patientsโ€™ lives.
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ืชืจืฆื• ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžืืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
04:40
Sometimes, a study can have results that,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช,
04:43
while scientifically valid, donโ€™t have much bearing on real world outcomes.
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ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืŸ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:48
For example, one real-life clinical trial of a pancreatic cancer drug
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘
04:52
found an increase in life expectancyโ€” of ten days.
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ื’ื™ืœื” ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื -- ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื” ื™ืžื™ื.
04:57
The next time you see a surprising medical headline,
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช,
05:00
take a look at the science itโ€™s reporting on.
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ืงืจืื• ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™.
05:04
Even when full papers arenโ€™t available without a fee,
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ื’ื ืื ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืœื ืื™ื ื• ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื,
05:06
you can often find summaries of experimental design
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ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื•
05:09
and results in freely available abstracts,
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ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื,
05:13
or even within the text of a news article.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
05:16
Itโ€™s exciting to see scientific research covered in the news,
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ื–ื” ืžืจื’ืฉ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
05:19
and important to understand the studiesโ€™ findings.
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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