Tycho Brahe, the scandalous astronomer - Dan Wenkel

509,627 views ใƒป 2014-06-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
How do you imagine the life of a scientist?
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ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขืŸ?
00:09
Boring and monotonous,
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ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื ื•ืžื•ื ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
00:10
spending endless hours in the lab
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ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
00:12
with no social interaction?
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ื‘ืœื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช?
00:14
Maybe for some but not Tycho Brahe.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื˜ื™ื™ื›ื• ื‘ืจื”ื”.
00:17
The 16th century scholar who accurately predicted planetary motion
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ืœืžืœื•ืžื“ ืžื”ืžืื” ื” 16 ืฉื—ื–ื” ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช
00:21
and cataloged hundreds of stars before the telescope had been invented
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ื•ืงื™ื˜ืœื’ ืžืื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื•ืžืฆื
00:25
also had a cosmic-sized personal life.
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ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื•ืกืžื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื.
00:29
Tycho Brahe was born in 1546 to Danish nobles,
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ื˜ื™ื™ื›ื• ื‘ืจื”ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ 1546 ืœืืฆื™ืœื™ื ื“ื ื™ื,
00:32
but at age two was kidnapped to be raised by his uncle instead.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื ื—ื˜ืฃ ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
00:37
His parents didn't seem to mind.
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ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืื›ืคืช.
00:40
Tycho was supposed to have a career in law,
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ืœื˜ื™ื™ื›ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง,
00:42
but after witnessing a solar eclipse at thirteen,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฆืคื” ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื—ืžื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื”,
00:45
he began spending more time
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ
00:46
with mathematics and science professors,
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ืขื ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืžื“ืข,
00:48
who taught him the art of celestial observation.
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ืฉืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื• ืืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
00:52
By the time Tycho's uncle sent him off to Germany a few years later,
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ืขื“ ืฉื“ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื™ื›ื• ืฉืœื— ืื•ืชื• ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:55
he had lost interest in his law studies,
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื‘ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง,
00:57
instead reading astronomy books,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืงืจื ืกืคืจื™ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”,
00:59
improving his instruments,
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ืฉื™ืคืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœื•,
01:00
and taking careful notes of the night skies.
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ื•ืจืฉื ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืงืคื“ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”.
01:03
It wasn't long before his own measurements
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ืœื ืœืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื•
01:05
were more accurate than those in his books.
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ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืืœื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื.
01:08
While in Germany, Tycho got into a bit of an argument
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื˜ื™ื™ื›ื• ื ื›ื ืก ืœื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—
01:11
with another student at a party
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ืขื ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื”
01:12
over a mathematical formula,
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ืขืœ ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช,
01:14
resulting in a sword duel
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื‘ ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช
01:16
and Tycho losing a good-sized chunk of his nose.
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ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื›ื• ืื™ื‘ื“ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืืคื•.
01:19
After that, he was said to have worn
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ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”, ื ืืžืจ ืฉืœื‘ืฉ
01:21
a realistic prosthetic of gold and silver
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ืชื•ืชื‘ ืจืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ืžื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื›ืกืฃ
01:23
that he would glue onto his face.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ื™ืง ืœืคื ื™ื.
01:26
Fortunately, Tycho didn't need his nose
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื˜ื™ื™ื›ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ืืคื•
01:28
to continue his astronomical work.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”.
01:30
He kept studying the night sky
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”
01:32
and creating all sorts of instruments,
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ื•ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื,
01:34
including a building-sized quadrant for measuring
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงื•ื•ื“ืจื ื˜ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™ื“ืช
01:36
the angles of stars.
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ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
01:38
After months of careful observation,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื”,
01:40
Tycho discovered a new star
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ื˜ื™ื™ื›ื• ื’ื™ืœื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ
01:42
in the constellation Cassiopeia.
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ื‘ืฆื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืงืกื™ื•ืคืื”.
01:44
The publication of this discovery granted him rock star status
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ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืจื•ืง
01:48
and offers of scientific positions all over Europe.
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ื•ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœืžืฉืจื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
01:51
Wanting to keep him at home,
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช,
01:53
the King of Denmark offered to give Tycho
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ืžืœืš ื“ื ืžืจืง ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืชืช ืœื˜ื™ื™ื›ื•
01:55
his own personal island with a state of the art observatory.
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ืื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืžืฉืœื• ืขื ืžืฆืคื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื™.
01:59
Called Uraniborg and costing about 1% of Denmark's entire budget,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืจื ืื•ืจื ื™ื‘ื•ืจื’ ื•ืขืœื” 1% ืžื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ื ืžืจืง,
02:03
this observatory was more of a castle,
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ื”ืžืฆืคื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื˜ื™ืจื”,
02:06
containing formal gardens,
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ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœื” ื’ื ื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื,
02:07
rooms for family, staff and visiting royalty,
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ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื,
02:10
and an underground section just for all the giant instruments.
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืขื ืงื™ื™ื.
02:15
Tycho also built a papermill and printing press
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ื˜ื™ื™ื›ื• ื‘ื ื” ื’ื ืžืคืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืžื›ื‘ืฉ ื“ืคื•ืก
02:17
for publishing his papers,
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ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื•,
02:19
and a lab for studying alchemy.
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ื•ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœืœืžื™ื“ืช ืืœื›ื™ืžื™ื”.
02:21
And since no castle would be complete
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืืฃ ื˜ื™ืจื” ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉืœืžื”
02:23
without entertainment,
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ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ,
02:24
Tycho employed a clairvoyant dwarf
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ื˜ื™ื™ื›ื• ื”ืขืกื™ืง ื’ืžื“ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขืชื™ื“ื•ืช
02:26
named Jep as court jester.
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ื‘ืฉื ื’'ืค ื›ืœื™ืฆืŸ ื”ื—ืฆืจ.
02:29
Tycho lived on his island,
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ื˜ื™ื™ื›ื• ื—ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ ืฉืœื•,
02:30
studying and partying for about 20 years.
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ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื‘ืขืจืš 20 ืฉื ื”.
02:33
But after falling out with the new Danish King,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืจื™ื‘ื” ืขื ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื“ื ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ,
02:35
he took up an invitation from the Holy Roman Emperor
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ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืžื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ
02:38
to become the official imperial astronomer in Prague.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื‘ืคืจืื’.
02:42
There, he met another famous astronomer Johannes Kepler,
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ืฉื, ื”ื•ื ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ืงืคืœืจ,
02:45
who became his assistant.
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ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืขื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœื•.
02:47
While Kepler's work interested him,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืงืคืœืจ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื•,
02:49
Tycho was protective of his data,
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ื˜ื™ื™ื›ื• ื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื•,
02:51
and the two often got into heated arguments.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื.
02:54
In 1601, Tycho attended a formal banquet
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ื‘ 1601, ื˜ื™ื™ื›ื• ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื ืฉืฃ ืจืฉืžื™
02:57
where he drank quite a lot
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ืฉื ืฉืชื” ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”
02:59
but was too polite to leave the table to relieve himself,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ืžืก ืžื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืคื ื•ืช,
03:01
deciding to tough it out instead.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืชืืคืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
03:03
This proved to be a bad idea,
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืข,
03:05
as he quickly developed a bladder infection
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื“ืœืงืช ื‘ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช
03:07
and died a few days later.
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ื•ืžืช ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:10
But over 400 years after his death,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 400 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื•,
03:11
Tycho still had a few surprises up his sleeve.
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ืœื˜ื™ื™ื›ื• ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจื•ื•ืœ.
03:15
When his body was exhumed and studied in 2010,
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ื›ืฉื’ื•ืคืชื• ื”ื•ืฆืื” ื•ื ื—ืงืจื” ื‘ 2010,
03:17
the legendary gold and silver nose
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ื”ืืฃ ื”ืื’ื“ื™ ืžื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื›ืกืฃ
03:20
was nowhere to be found,
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ืœื ื ืžืฆื,
03:21
with chemical traces suggesting
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ืขื ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืขื™ื“ื•
03:23
that he wore a more casual brass nose instead.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืฉ ืืฃ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืœื™ื–.
03:26
Tycho's mustache hair was also found
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ื”ืฉืคื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื™ื›ื• ื’ื ื”ื›ื™ืœ
03:28
to contain unusually high levels of toxic mercury.
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ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืกืคื™ืช ืจืขื™ืœื”.
03:32
Was it from a medicine used to treat his bladder infection?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืœืงืช ื”ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช?
03:35
A residue from his alchemy experiments?
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ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืžื ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืœื›ื™ืžื™ื”?
03:38
Or did his quarrelsome coworker Johannes Kepler
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ืื• ื”ืื ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืชื• ืจื‘ ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ืงืคืœืจ
03:40
poison him to acquire his data?
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ื”ืจืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื•?
03:43
We may never know,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื“ืข,
03:45
but the next time you think scientists lead boring lives,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื,
03:47
dig a little deeper.
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ื—ืคืจื• ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืง.
03:49
A fascinating story may be just beyond the tip of your nose.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืจืชืง ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืงืฆื” ืืคื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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