How did ancient civilizations make ice cream? - Vivian Jiang

1,227,187 views ใƒป 2024-05-30

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: dana menahem ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:07
On a hot spring afternoon in 1963,
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ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1963,
00:10
two men, sent by the American CIA,
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ืฉื ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”-CIA ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™,
00:13
snuck into the cafeteria of the Havana Libre Hotel.
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ื”ืชื’ื ื‘ื• ืœืงืคื™ื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ืื ื” ืœื™ื‘ืจื”.
00:17
Their directive was to retrieve a poison pill from the freezer
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ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื’ืœื•ืœืช ืจืขืœ ืžื”ืžืงืคื™ื
00:20
and slip it into the chocolate milkshake of Fidel Castro,
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ื•ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื™ืœืงืฉื™ื™ืง ื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื“ืœ ืงืกื˜ืจื•,
00:23
the Cuban leader who was known to devour up to 18 scoops of ice cream after lunch.
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ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืงื•ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืขื“ 18 ื›ืคื•ืช ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื.
00:29
While exact details of the story are contested, it's rumored that the pill,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ืœื”,
00:33
however, froze to the freezer coils and broke,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืงืคืื” ืœืกืœื™ืœื™ ื”ืžืงืคื™ื ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื”,
00:37
foiling the CIAโ€™s plan and granting Castro many more days to satiate his sweet tooth.
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ืกื™ื›ืœื” ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”-CIA ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืงืกื˜ืจื• ื™ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื”ืฉื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืฉืœื• ืœืžืชื•ืง.
00:43
Ice cream has held a unique role in our worldโ€™s history, culture, and cravingsโ€”
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ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื™ืœืื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœืžื ื• -
00:48
but where did it come from?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื”?
00:51
The first accounts of cold desserts and iced drinks date back
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืงืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืงืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืืจื›ื™ื
00:54
as early as the first century.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
00:57
In civilizations including ancient Rome, Mughal India, and Tang dynasty China,
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ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจื•ืžื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ืžื•ื’ื•ืœื™ืช ื•ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื˜ืื ื’ ืกื™ืŸ,
01:02
these icy treats were mainly enjoyed by the royal elites.
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ืžื”ืคื™ื ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืงืคื•ืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื”ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
01:06
And finding the means to freeze these delicacies wasnโ€™t always easy.
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ื•ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœื”ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืขืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ.
01:11
Wealthy Mediterranean nobility sent laborers to trek up high mountains
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ืืฆื•ืœื” ื™ื ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœื—ื” ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืจื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื
01:15
to harvest glacial ice and snow.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืงืจื— ื•ืฉืœื’ ืžืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื.
01:17
Meanwhile, ancient Persians built shallow insulated pools of water
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืคืจืกื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืจื“ื•ื“ื•ืช
01:21
and utilized a technique known as sky cooling.
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
01:25
At night, the shallow pools would naturally radiate heat
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ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื—ื•ื
01:28
into the dry desert skies,
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ืœืฉืžื™ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื,
01:30
causing them to dip below the ambient temperature and freeze.
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ื•ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ืŸ ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœืงืคื•ื.
01:35
Yet the cream-based treat we know today made a much later debut.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืคื™ื ื•ืง ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉืžื ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
01:39
It was originally inspired by sherbet, or sharbat in Arabic,
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืฉืจื‘ื˜, ืื• ืฉืจื‘ื˜ ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช,
01:44
an icy drink believed to have originated in Persia,
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ืžืฉืงื” ืงืคื•ื ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืคืจืก,
01:47
and subsequently gained popularity in the Middle Ages.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
01:51
European travelers brought sharbat recipes home,
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ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ ืฉืจื‘ื˜,
01:54
and began creating their own chocolate, pinecone,
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื˜ืขืžื™ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“, ืืฆื˜ืจื•ื‘ืœ,
01:58
and even eggplant flavored takes on the refreshment.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืฆื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“.
02:02
In 1692, Antonio Latini, a Neapolitan chef,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1692 ืจืฉื ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ืœื˜ื™ื ื™, ืฉืฃ ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื ื™,
02:06
recorded a recipe for a unique milk-based version,
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ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ืจืกื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื—ืœื‘,
02:10
which some historians dub the first ice cream.
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ืฉื›ืžื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื”ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
02:14
In the 18th century, ice cream expanded its reach
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18 ื”ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื”ื’ืขื” ืฉืœื”
02:17
as these recipes set sail alongside European settlers to North America.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ืœืฆื“ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
02:22
Yet it was still mainly enjoyed by the upper classes
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื”ื ื• ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื
02:25
as the process to make it was quite laborious,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื’ืข,
02:28
and its main ingredientsโ€” sugar, salt, and creamโ€” were expensive.
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ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• - ืกื•ื›ืจ, ืžืœื— ื•ืฉืžื ืช - ื”ื™ื• ื™ืงืจื™ื.
02:33
George Washington is said to have spent the equivalent of $6,600
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื’โ€˜ื•ืจื’โ€™ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœ-6,600 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
02:38
in todayโ€™s dollars on ice cream in one summer alone.
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ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
02:43
It was on American soil that the frozen dessert entered its golden age,
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ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื— ื”ืงืคื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
02:47
as inventors and entrepreneurs began to engineer ways to bring it to the masses.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื•ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื ื“ืก ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืžื•ื ื™ื.
02:52
In Philadelphia in 1843, Nancy Johnson patented
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ื‘ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1843, ื ื ืกื™ ื’โ€™ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ืจืฉืžื” ืคื˜ื ื˜
02:57
a revolutionary ice cream-making machine featuring a crank and beater,
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ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืจื›ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžืงืฆืฃ,
03:02
which made the process easier for any home cook.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืงืœ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื˜ื‘ื— ื‘ื™ืชื™.
03:05
And storing ice cream was no longer an obstacle, as by the mid-1830s,
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ื•ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19
03:10
New England businessman โ€œIce Kingโ€ Frederic Tudor
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ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื• ืื™ื ื’ืœื ื“ โ€œืžืœืš ื”ืงืจื—โ€ ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ื˜ื™ื•ื“ื•ืจ
03:14
had greatly improved the ice trade,
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ืฉื™ืคืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ืกื—ืจ ื”ืงืจื—,
03:16
shipping thousands of tons of ice to households across the globe.
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ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืœืคื™ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื— ืœืžืฉืงื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:21
Soon, ice cream was on every street corner.
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ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื”, ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคื™ื ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘.
03:25
In the late 1880s, political turmoil brought Italian immigrants to cities
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19, ืกืขืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื ืœืขืจื™ื
03:29
like London, Glasgow, and New York,
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ื›ืžื• ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื’ืœื–ื’ื• ื•ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
03:32
where many took up jobs as street vendors selling licks of ice cream
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ืฉื ืจื‘ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื›ืœื™ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื™ืงื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ื“ื”
03:36
for roughly a penny each.
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ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื’ื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ืื—ื“.
03:38
Meanwhile, American druggists discovered the appeal of combining soda,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืจื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืกื•ื“ื”,
03:44
a drink thought to have therapeutic properties at the time,
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ืžืฉืงื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื‘ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”,
03:47
with ice cream,
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ืขื ื’ืœื™ื“ื”,
03:48
and a new social spot was born: the soda fountain.
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ื•ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”: ืžื–ืจืงืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื”.
03:52
When the sale of alcohol was banned in 1920,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืืกืจื” ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1920,
03:55
many American saloons reinvented themselves as soda fountains,
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ืกืœื•ื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืžื–ืจืงื•ืช ืกื•ื“ื”,
04:00
and breweries like Anheuser-Busch and Yuengling
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ื•ืžื‘ืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืจื” ื›ืžื• ืื ื”ืื•ื–ืจ-ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ื™ื•ื ื’ืœื™ื ื’
04:02
pivoted to producing ice cream.
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ืคื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืœื™ื“ื”.
04:05
At the same time, refrigeration technology was improving rapidly.
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ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืฉืชืคืจื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
04:10
By the end of World War II,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
04:11
the average American home had a freezer that could house a quart of ice cream.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืคื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืœื™ื˜ืจ ื’ืœื™ื“ื”.
04:16
Even trucks could be equipped with freezers full of frozen treats.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืคื™ืื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื ื•ืงื™ื ืงืคื•ืื™ื.
04:21
Today, ice cream continues to take on new forms.
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
04:24
And while some of its mysteries may never be solved,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื™ืคืชืจื•,
04:27
one thing is certain: our love for ice cream will never thaw.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—: ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ืœื™ื“ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืคืฉื™ืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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