The movement that inspired the Holocaust - Alexandra Minna Stern and Natalie Lira

1,370,532 views ใƒป 2022-03-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:07
As a new widow, Sarah Rosas Garcia
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ื›ืืœืžื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืฉืจื” ืจื•ื–ืก ื’ืจืกื™ื”
00:09
was already struggling to support her nine children
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ื ืื‘ืงื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืชืฉืขืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”
00:12
when her oldest daughter was picked up by local authorities.
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ื›ืฉื‘ืชื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื ืขืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
00:15
Andrea Garcia had been accused of skipping school
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ืื ื“ืจืื” ื’ืจืกื™ื” ื”ื•ืืฉืžื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ
00:18
and being sexually promiscuous,
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ื•ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืคืงืจืช,
00:20
so the authorities responsible for juvenile delinquents
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ืื– ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
00:22
committed her to a state hospital.
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ืืฉืคื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™.
00:24
After being administered an IQ test and assigned a low score,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ IQ ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœื” ืชื•ืฆืื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”,
00:28
the doctors made their verdict.
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ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื”.
00:30
They told Sara her 19-year-old daughter would be sterilized
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ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืœืฉืจื” ืฉื‘ืชื” ื‘ืช ื”-19 ืชืขื•ืงืจ
00:33
to prevent passing on what the state saw as a mental deficiency.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืžื ื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืจืืชื” ื›ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื›ืœื™ืช.
00:38
This horrific tale may sound like a story from an authoritarian regime.
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ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืžืขื” ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืžืฉื˜ืจ ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ื™.
00:41
But in fact, it took place in Southern California in 1938.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื‘-1938.
00:46
And Andrea Garcia was one of thousands of poor women of color
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ื•ืื ื“ืจืื” ื’ืจืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ืžืืœืคื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช
00:49
targeted by the stateโ€™s relentless campaign of eugenics.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืื•ื’ื ื™ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื”ืœื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
00:53
Since ancient Greece, there have been efforts to control human populations
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ืžืื– ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื”ื™ื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
00:56
via reproduction, retaining some traits and removing others.
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ื“ืจืš ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”, ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื™ืงืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
01:01
But in the 19th century, the discovery of evolution and genetics
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”
01:04
inspired a new scientific movement dedicated to this endeavor.
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ื ืชื ื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืฉืช ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•.
01:08
In 1883, British scientist Sir Francis Galton
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ื‘-1883, ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืกืจ ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ื’ืœื˜ื•ืŸ
01:12
named this idea eugenics,
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ืงืจื ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืืื•ื’ื ื™ืงื”,
01:14
drawn from the Greek word for โ€œto be well born.โ€
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช โ€œืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘โ€.
01:18
This wave of modern eugenicists included prominent scientists
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ื”ื’ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืื•ื’ื ื™ืงื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื›ืœืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื
01:21
and progressive reformers who believed they could improve society
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ื•ืจืคื•ืจืžื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”
01:25
by ensuring that only desirable traits were passed down.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืจืง ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืœืื”.
01:29
However, their definition of what traits were and were not desirable
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ืื™ื–ื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืœื
01:33
was largely determined by the prejudices of their era.
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ื ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื.
01:36
Entire categories of people were considered โ€œunfitโ€ for reproduction,
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ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• โ€œืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ืโ€ ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
01:40
including immigrants, people of color and people with disabilities.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื, ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช.
01:45
Meanwhile, their ideal genetic standard reflected the movementโ€™s members:
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ืื™ื“ืืœื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืฉื™ืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”:
01:49
white Europeans of Nordic or Anglo-Saxon descent.
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ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ื ื•ืจื“ื™ ืื• ืื ื’ืœื•-ืกืงืกื•ื ื™.
01:53
As the influence of eugenics spread in the early 20th century,
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ื›ืฉื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืืื•ื’ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
01:56
many countries restricted immigration and outlawed interracial unions.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื•ืืกืจื• ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื–ืขื™ื™ื.
02:01
These measures to improve so-called โ€œracial hygieneโ€
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ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืฉืคืจ ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืช โ€œื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืชโ€
02:04
were taken to their horrific conclusion in Nazi Germany.
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช.
02:07
The Nazi eugenics campaign systematically killed millions of Jews,
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ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืื•ื’ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื,
02:11
as well as individuals from other groups,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
02:13
including Roma, gay men, and people with disabilities.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฆื•ืขื ื™ื, ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช.
02:17
Outside their extreme brutality, however,
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ืขื ื–ืืช,
02:20
Nazi eugenic policies reflected similar standards across the globe.
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ื”ืืื•ื’ื ื™ืช ืฉื™ืงืคื” ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:25
Throughout the mid-20th century,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
02:26
many countries enacted eugenics policies,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืื•ื’ื ื™ืช,
02:29
and governments in Sweden, Canada, and Japan
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ื•ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื”, ื‘ืงื ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืคืŸ
02:32
forcibly sterilized thousands of individuals.
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ืขื™ืงืจื• ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:36
Sterilization was exceptionally common in the US.
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ืขื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
02:39
From 1907 to 1979,
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ืž-1907 ืขื“ 1979,
02:41
US policies enforced the sterilization of over 60,000 people,
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ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื›ืคืชื” ืขื™ืงื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-60,000 ืื ืฉื™ื,
02:46
with 32 states passing laws that mandated sterilization
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ืขื 32 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ืขื™ืงื•ืจ
02:49
for men and women deemed โ€œmentally defective.โ€
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื• โ€œืคื’ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื›ืœื™ืชโ€.
02:53
This label was typically applied based on superficial mental health diagnoses
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ื”ืชื™ื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฉื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ ืฉื˜ื—ื™
02:57
and the results of IQ tests,
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ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ IQ,
02:59
which were linguistically and culturally biased against most immigrant populations.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื ื’ื“ ืจื•ื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื.
03:04
These racist standards were particularly problematic in California.
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ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
03:08
From 1920 to 1945, Latina women were 59% more likely to be sterilized
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ืž -1920 ืขื“ 1945, ื ืฉื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘-59% ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืงืจื•ืช
03:15
than other women.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช.
03:16
And the rate of sterilizations in California was incredibly highโ€”
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ื•ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ -
03:19
this single state performed over one third of the countryโ€™s sterilization operations.
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ ื”ืขื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
03:24
Such was the case of Andrea Garcia,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ื“ืจืื” ื’ืจืกื™ื”,
03:27
whose story reflects thousands of individuals with similar fates.
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ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื’ื•ืจืœ ื“ื•ืžื”.
03:30
With the help of famed civil rights lawyer David Marcus,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื— ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืžืจืงื•ืก,
03:33
Andreaโ€™s mother argued that Californiaโ€™s sterilization law
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ืื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ื“ืจืื” ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื—ื•ืง ื”ืขื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”
03:36
violated the US Constitution,
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ืžืคืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืงืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
03:38
depriving Andrea of her rights to equal protection under the law.
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ื•ืžื•ื ืข ืžืื ื“ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง.
03:41
However, while one of the three judges overseeing the case voted to spare Andrea,
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ืืžื ื ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ืก ืขืœ ืื ื“ืจืื”,
03:46
the other two did not.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื.
03:48
Records suggests itโ€™s possible Andrea escaped the impending surgery,
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ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื“ืจื” ื—ืžืงื” ืžื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘,
03:52
but many more victims of these policies did not.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืœื.
03:55
Although eugenics acquired negative connotations
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืื•ื’ื ื™ืงื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืงื•ื ื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช
03:58
after the horrors of World War II,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
04:00
many of its practices, including sterilization, continued for decades.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขื™ืงื•ืจ, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
04:04
By the late 1960s, research into human genetics was more nuanced,
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ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:09
and bioethics had begun to blunt eugenicsโ€™ influence.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื•-ืืชื™ืงื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืงื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืื•ื’ื ื™ืงื”.
04:13
Yet Sweden and the US continued to pursue involuntary sterilization
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืขื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื—
04:17
well into the 70s.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70.
04:19
Finally, class action lawsuits and protest marches in the US galvanized lawmakers,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆืขื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื™ื—ื“ื• ืžื—ื•ืงืงื™ื,
04:25
and Californiaโ€™s sterilization laws were finally repealed in 1979.
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ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืขื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื˜ืœื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘-1979.
04:30
Unfortunately today,
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ืœืฆืขืจื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
04:32
the legal and illegal sterilization of many oppressed communities
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ื”ืขื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ื•ื”ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื›ืื•ืช
04:36
still continues around the globe.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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