The science of symmetry - Colm Kelleher

719,335 views ใƒป 2014-05-13

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
When you hear the word symmetry,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”,
00:09
maybe you picture a simple geometric shape
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
00:11
like a square or a triangle,
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ื›ืžื• ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ืื• ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ,
00:13
or the complex pattern on a butterfly's wings.
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ืื• ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืขืœ ื›ื ืคื™ ืคืจืคืจ.
00:16
If you are artistically inclined,
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ืื ืืชื ืžื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื™ ืื•ืžื ื•ืช,
00:17
you might think of the subtle modulations of a Mozart concerto,
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื ืขื“ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืฆ'ืจื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืืจื˜,
00:20
or the effortless poise of a prima ballerina.
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ืื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื—ืกืจืช ื”ืžืืžืฅ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืจื™ื ื”.
00:23
When used in every day life,
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ื›ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื,
00:25
the word symmetry represents vague notions of
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ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื™ื ืฉืœ
00:27
beauty, harmony and balance.
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ื™ื•ืคื™, ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ.
00:29
In math and science, symmetry has a different,
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ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืžื“ืข, ืœืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
00:33
and very specific, meaning.
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ืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช.
00:35
In this technical sense,
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
00:36
a symmetry is the property of an object.
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ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜.
00:39
Pretty much any type of object can have symmetry,
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ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™,
00:42
from tangible things like butterflies,
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ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคืจืคืจื™ื,
00:44
to abstract entities like geometric shapes.
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ืœื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
00:46
So, what does it mean for an object to be symmetric?
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™?
00:50
Here's the definition:
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื”:
00:51
a symmetry is a transformation that leaves that object unchanged.
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ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
00:56
Okay, that sounds a bit abstract, so let's unpack it.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜, ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
01:00
It will help to look at a particular example,
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ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช
01:02
like this equilateral triangle.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื”ืฆืœืขื•ืช ื”ื–ื”.
01:04
If we rotate our triangle through 120 degrees,
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ืื ื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ 120 ืžืขืœื•ืช,
01:07
around an access through its center,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื•,
01:09
we end up with a triangle that's identical to the original.
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ื ืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืฉื–ื”ื” ืœืžืงื•ืจื™.
01:12
In this case, the object is the triangle,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ,
01:15
and the transformation that leaves the object unchanged
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ื•ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
01:17
is rotation through 120 degrees.
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ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 120 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
01:20
So we can say an equilateral triangle is symmetric
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืฆืœืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™
01:23
with respect to rotations of 120 degrees around its center.
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 120 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื–ื•.
01:28
If we rotated the triangle by, say, 90 degrees instead,
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ืื ื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ 90 ืžืขืœื•ืช,
01:32
the rotated triangle would look different to the original.
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ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื™ืจืื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจ.
01:35
In other words, an equilateral triangle is not symmetric
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืฆืœืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™
01:38
with respect to rotations of 90 degrees around its center.
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 90 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื–ื•.
01:41
But why do mathematicians and scientists care about symmetries?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื›ืคืช ืžืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช?
01:45
Turns out, they're essential in many fields of math and science.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืžื“ืข.
01:48
Let's take a close look at one example: symmetry in biology.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช: ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
01:52
You might have noticed that there's a very familiar kind of symmetry
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื”
01:55
we haven't mentioned yet:
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ืฉืœื ื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ:
01:56
the symmetry of the right and left sides of the human body.
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ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
01:59
The transformation that gives this symmetry is reflection
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช
02:02
by an imaginary mirror that slices vertically through the body.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจืื” ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื—ื•ืชื›ืช ืื ื›ื™ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
02:06
Biologists call this bilateral symmetry.
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ืจืœื™ืช.
02:09
As with all symmetries found in living things,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื,
02:11
it's only approximate,
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ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืžืงื•ืจื‘ืช,
02:13
but still a striking feature of the human body.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
02:16
We humans aren't the only bilaterally symmetric organisms.
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ืื ื—ื ื•, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ืœื ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืœื˜ืจืœื™ืช.
02:20
Many other animals, foxes, sharks, beetles,
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืฉื•ืขืœื™ื, ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื, ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช,
02:22
that butterfly we mentioned earlier,
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ื”ืคืจืคืจ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืงื•ื“ื,
02:24
have this kind of symmetry,
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
02:26
as do some plants like orchid flowers.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคืจื—ื™ ื”ืกื—ืœื‘.
02:29
Other organisms have different symmetries,
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ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
02:31
ones that only become apparent
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ื›ืืœื” ืฉื ืขืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช
02:32
when you rotate the organism around its center point.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœื•.
02:35
It's a lot like the rotational symmetry of the triangle we watched earlier.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื.
02:38
But when it occurs in animals,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช
02:40
this kind of symmetry is known as radial symmetry.
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ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืจื“ื™ืืœื™ืช.
02:43
For instance, some sea urchins and starfish
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืžื” ืงื™ืคื•ื“ื™ ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื™ื
02:45
have pentaradial or five-fold symmetry,
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืคื ื˜ืจื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ืื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื,
02:48
that is, symmetry with respect to rotations of 72 degrees around their center.
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 72 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืจื›ื–.
02:53
This symmetry also appears in plants,
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ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื’ื ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
02:55
as you can see for yourself by slicing through an apple horizontally.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื›ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ืชืคื•ื— ืื•ืคืงื™ืช.
02:58
Some jellyfish are symmetric with respect to rotations of 90 degrees,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื•ื–ื•ืช ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 90 ืžืขืœื•ืช,
03:02
while sea anemones are symmetric when you rotate them at any angle.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื•ืฉื ื•ืช ื™ื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื•ื™ืช.
03:05
Some corals, on the other hand, have no symmetry at all.
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ืœื›ืžื” ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
03:08
They are completely asymmetric.
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ื”ื ืœื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
03:10
But why do organisms exhibit these different symmetries?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•?
03:13
Does body symmetry tell us anything about an animal's lifestyle?
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ื”ืื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื”?
03:17
Let's look at one particular group:
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช:
03:18
bilaterally symmetric animals.
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืœื˜ืจืœื™ืช.
03:20
In this camp, we have foxes, beetles, sharks, butterflies,
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ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ืขืœื™ื, ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื, ืคืจืคืจื™ื,
03:24
and, of course, humans.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื.
03:26
The thing that unites bilaterally symmetric animals
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืื—ื“ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืœื˜ืจืœื™ืช
03:29
is that their bodies are designed around movement.
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืœืชื ื•ืขื”.
03:32
If you want to pick one direction and move that way,
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื•ืข ืืœื™ื•,
03:34
it helps to have a front end
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืœืง ืงื“ืžื™
03:36
where you can group your sensory organs--
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ืœืฉื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืฅ ืืช ืื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื” --
03:38
your eyes, ears and nose.
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ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืืฃ.
03:40
It helps to have your mouth there too
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื ืคื” ืฉื
03:42
since you're more likely to run into food
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชืชืงืœื• ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ
03:44
or enemies from this end.
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ืื• ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื–ื”.
03:46
You're probably familiar with a name for a group of organs,
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ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื›ื ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืื‘ืจื™ื,
03:48
plus a mouth, mounted on the front of an animal's body.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืคื”, ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ื”.
03:51
It's called a head.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืจืืฉ.
03:53
Having a head leads naturally to the development of bilateral symmetry.
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืืฉ ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืœื˜ืจืœื™ืช.
03:57
And it also helps you build streamlined fins if you're a fish,
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืื ืืชื ื“ื’.
04:00
aerodynamic wings if you're a bird,
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ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช ืื ืืชื ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ,
04:02
or well coordinated legs for running if you're a fox.
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ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ืืžื•ืช ืœืจื™ืฆื” ืื ืืชื ืฉื•ืขืœ.
04:05
But, what does this all have to do with evolution?
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ืื‘ืœ, ืžื” ืœื›ืœ ื–ื” ื•ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”?
04:08
Turns out, biologists can use these various body symmetries
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
04:11
to figure out which animals are related to which.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื• ื—ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืื™ื–ื•.
04:14
For instance, we saw that starfish and sea urchins have five-fold symmetry.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื•ืœืงื™ืคื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืžื—ื•ืžืฉืช.
04:18
But really what we should have said was
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื”
04:20
adult starfish and sea urchins.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื•ืงื™ืคื•ื“ื™ ื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
04:21
In their larval stage, they're bilateral, just like us humans.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื—ืœ ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื ื‘ื™ืœื˜ืจืœื™ื™ื, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืื ืฉื™ื.
04:25
For biologists, this is strong evidence
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ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ื–ื• ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื”
04:27
that we're more closely related to starfish
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื™ื
04:29
than we are, to say, corals,
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ืžืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื,
04:31
or other animals that don't exhibit bilateral symmetry
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ืื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ืžืคื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ืœื˜ืจืœื™ืช
04:33
at any stage in their development.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
04:35
One of the most fascinating and important problems in biology
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ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžืจืชืงื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
04:38
is reconstructing the tree of life,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฅ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
04:40
discovering when and how the different branches diverged.
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ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžืชื™ ื•ืื™ืš ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชืคืฆืœื•.
04:44
Thinking about something as simple as body symmetry
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ื’ื•ืฃ
04:46
can help us dig far into our evolutionary past
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืง ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•
04:49
and understand where we, as a species, have come from.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืื™ืคื” ืื ื—ื ื• , ื›ืžื™ืŸ, ื”ื’ืขื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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