The science of symmetry - Colm Kelleher

Znanost simetrije - Colm Kelleher

717,608 views

2014-05-13 ・ TED-Ed


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The science of symmetry - Colm Kelleher

Znanost simetrije - Colm Kelleher

717,608 views ・ 2014-05-13

TED-Ed


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Prevoditelj: Irma Komljenović Recezent: Senzos Osijek
00:07
When you hear the word symmetry,
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Kad čuješ riječ simetrija
00:09
maybe you picture a simple geometric shape
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možda zamisliš geometrijski lik
00:11
like a square or a triangle,
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poput kvadrata ili trokuta,
00:13
or the complex pattern on a butterfly's wings.
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ili složene uzorke na krilima leptira.
00:16
If you are artistically inclined,
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Ako si skloniji umjetnosti,
00:17
you might think of the subtle modulations of a Mozart concerto,
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možda pomisliš na suptilnu modelaciju Mozartova koncerta,
00:20
or the effortless poise of a prima ballerina.
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ili lakoću držanja prima balerine.
00:23
When used in every day life,
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Korištena u stvarnom životu,
00:25
the word symmetry represents vague notions of
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riječ simetrija predstavlja nejasnu ideju
00:27
beauty, harmony and balance.
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ljepote, harmonije i sklada.
00:29
In math and science, symmetry has a different,
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U matematici i znanosti simetrija ima drukčije,
00:33
and very specific, meaning.
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određenije značenje.
00:35
In this technical sense,
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U tom tehničkom smislu,
00:36
a symmetry is the property of an object.
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simetrija je svojstvo predmeta.
00:39
Pretty much any type of object can have symmetry,
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Svaki predmet može imati simetriju,
00:42
from tangible things like butterflies,
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od opipljivih stvari, kao leptira,
00:44
to abstract entities like geometric shapes.
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sve do apstraktnih geometrijskih likova.
00:46
So, what does it mean for an object to be symmetric?
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Što onda znači ako je predmet simetričan?
00:50
Here's the definition:
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Evo definicije:
00:51
a symmetry is a transformation that leaves that object unchanged.
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simetrija je transformacija koja predmet ostavlja nepromijenjenim.
00:56
Okay, that sounds a bit abstract, so let's unpack it.
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Dobro, zvuči previše apstraktno, objasnit ćemo.
01:00
It will help to look at a particular example,
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Bit će lakše ako gledamo primjer,
01:02
like this equilateral triangle.
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poput ovog jednakostraničnog trokuta.
01:04
If we rotate our triangle through 120 degrees,
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Okrenemo li ga za 120 stupnjeva,
01:07
around an access through its center,
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oko osi u njegovom središtu,
01:09
we end up with a triangle that's identical to the original.
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dobijemo trokut identičan izvornom.
01:12
In this case, the object is the triangle,
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U ovom slučaju, predmet je trokut,
01:15
and the transformation that leaves the object unchanged
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a transformacija koja predmet ostavlja nepromijenjenim
01:17
is rotation through 120 degrees.
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je rotacija za 120 stupnjeva.
01:20
So we can say an equilateral triangle is symmetric
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Zato možemo reći da je jednakostraničan trokut simetričan
01:23
with respect to rotations of 120 degrees around its center.
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s obzirom na rotaciju od 120 stupnjeva oko njegova središta.
01:28
If we rotated the triangle by, say, 90 degrees instead,
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Da smo trokut rotirali za, recimo, 90 stupnjeva,
01:32
the rotated triangle would look different to the original.
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taj bi trokut izgledao drukčije od izvornog.
01:35
In other words, an equilateral triangle is not symmetric
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Drugim riječima, jednakostraničan trokut nije simetričan
01:38
with respect to rotations of 90 degrees around its center.
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s obzirom na rotaciju od 90 stupnjeva oko njegova središta.
01:41
But why do mathematicians and scientists care about symmetries?
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Ali zašto je matematičare i znanstvenike briga o simetriji?
01:45
Turns out, they're essential in many fields of math and science.
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Ispada da je osnova mnogih polja matematike i znanosti.
01:48
Let's take a close look at one example: symmetry in biology.
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Pogledajmo pobliže jedan primjer: simetriju u biologiji.
01:52
You might have noticed that there's a very familiar kind of symmetry
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Možda si primijetio da vrlo poznatu vrstu simetrije
01:55
we haven't mentioned yet:
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još nismo spomenuli:
01:56
the symmetry of the right and left sides of the human body.
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simetriju lijeve i desne strane ljudskog tijela.
01:59
The transformation that gives this symmetry is reflection
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Transformacija koja daje ovu simetriju je refleksija
02:02
by an imaginary mirror that slices vertically through the body.
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na zamišljenom zrcalu koji okomito sječe tijelo.
02:06
Biologists call this bilateral symmetry.
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Biolozi to zovu bilateralna simetrija.
02:09
As with all symmetries found in living things,
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Kao i sa ostalim simetrijama živih bića,
02:11
it's only approximate,
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samo je približna,
02:13
but still a striking feature of the human body.
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no svejedno je upečatljivo svojstvo ljudskog tijela.
02:16
We humans aren't the only bilaterally symmetric organisms.
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Mi ljudi nismo jedini bilateralno simetrični organizmi.
02:20
Many other animals, foxes, sharks, beetles,
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Mnoge druge životinje, lisice, morski psi, kukci,
02:22
that butterfly we mentioned earlier,
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leptir kojeg smo ranije spomenuli,
02:24
have this kind of symmetry,
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imaju takvu vrstu simetrije,
02:26
as do some plants like orchid flowers.
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kao i neke biljke, poput orhideja.
02:29
Other organisms have different symmetries,
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Drugi organizmi imaju različite simetrije
02:31
ones that only become apparent
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koje postanu vidljive
02:32
when you rotate the organism around its center point.
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tek kad se organizam rotira oko svojeg središta.
02:35
It's a lot like the rotational symmetry of the triangle we watched earlier.
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Slično je rotacijskoj simetriji trokuta koju smo vidjeli ranije.
02:38
But when it occurs in animals,
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Kod životinja,
02:40
this kind of symmetry is known as radial symmetry.
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takva se simetrija naziva zrakasta simetrija.
02:43
For instance, some sea urchins and starfish
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Neki morski ježevi i zvjezdače, recimo,
02:45
have pentaradial or five-fold symmetry,
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imaju peterozrakastu ili peterostruku simetriju,
02:48
that is, symmetry with respect to rotations of 72 degrees around their center.
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to jest, simetriju s obzirom na rotaciju od 72 stupnja oko njihova središta.
02:53
This symmetry also appears in plants,
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Ta simetrija pojavljuje se i u biljkama,
02:55
as you can see for yourself by slicing through an apple horizontally.
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što možeš vidjeti kad presiječeš jabuku vodoravno.
02:58
Some jellyfish are symmetric with respect to rotations of 90 degrees,
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Neke meduze simetrične su s obzirom na rotaciju od 90 stupnjeva,
03:02
while sea anemones are symmetric when you rotate them at any angle.
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dok su moruzgve simetrične s obzirom na bilo kakvu rotaciju.
03:05
Some corals, on the other hand, have no symmetry at all.
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Neki koralji, ipak, nemaju nikakvu simetriju.
03:08
They are completely asymmetric.
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Potpuno su asimetrični.
03:10
But why do organisms exhibit these different symmetries?
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Zašto organizmi imaju tako različite simetrije?
03:13
Does body symmetry tell us anything about an animal's lifestyle?
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Govori li nam simetrija tijela nešto o načinu života životinje?
03:17
Let's look at one particular group:
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Pogledajmo određenu skupinu:
03:18
bilaterally symmetric animals.
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bilateralno simetrične životinje.
03:20
In this camp, we have foxes, beetles, sharks, butterflies,
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Tu imamo lisice, kukce, morske pse, leptire,
03:24
and, of course, humans.
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i, naravno, ljude.
03:26
The thing that unites bilaterally symmetric animals
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Bilateralno simetrične životinje slične su
03:29
is that their bodies are designed around movement.
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jer su njihova tijela dizajnirana za kretnju.
03:32
If you want to pick one direction and move that way,
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Želiš li odabrati smjer i kretati se k njemu,
03:34
it helps to have a front end
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lakše je imati prednji kraj
03:36
where you can group your sensory organs--
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na kojem su grupirani osjetni organi,
03:38
your eyes, ears and nose.
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tvoje oči, uši i nos.
03:40
It helps to have your mouth there too
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Pomaže što su i usta tu
03:42
since you're more likely to run into food
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jer ćeš vjerojatno naletjeti na hranu
03:44
or enemies from this end.
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ili neprijatelje na ovom kraju.
03:46
You're probably familiar with a name for a group of organs,
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Vjerojatno si upoznat s imenom grupe organa, i usta,
03:48
plus a mouth, mounted on the front of an animal's body.
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postavljenim na prednjoj strani tijela životinje.
03:51
It's called a head.
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Radi se o glavi.
03:53
Having a head leads naturally to the development of bilateral symmetry.
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Imati glavu prirodno vodi do razvitka bilateralne simetrije.
03:57
And it also helps you build streamlined fins if you're a fish,
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Pomaže ti i izgraditi uglađene peraje ako si riba,
04:00
aerodynamic wings if you're a bird,
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aerodinamična krila ako si ptica,
04:02
or well coordinated legs for running if you're a fox.
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ili koordinirane noge za trčanje ako si lisica.
04:05
But, what does this all have to do with evolution?
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No, kakve ovo veze ima s evolucijom?
04:08
Turns out, biologists can use these various body symmetries
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Ispada da biolozi kroz razne vrste tjelesnih simetrija
04:11
to figure out which animals are related to which.
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mogu otkriti koje su životinje međusobno povezane.
04:14
For instance, we saw that starfish and sea urchins have five-fold symmetry.
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Na primjer, vidjeli smo da zvjezdače i ježinci imaju peterostruku simetriju.
04:18
But really what we should have said was
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Trebali smo reći da se radi
04:20
adult starfish and sea urchins.
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o odraslim zvjezdačama i ježincima.
04:21
In their larval stage, they're bilateral, just like us humans.
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Kao ličinke su bilateralne, baš kao i ljudi.
04:25
For biologists, this is strong evidence
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Za biologe je ovo jak dokaz
04:27
that we're more closely related to starfish
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da smo jače povezani sa zvjezdačama
04:29
than we are, to say, corals,
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nego, recimo, s koraljima,
04:31
or other animals that don't exhibit bilateral symmetry
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ili drugim bićima koja nemaju bilateralnu simetriju
04:33
at any stage in their development.
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u bilo kojoj fazi razvoja.
04:35
One of the most fascinating and important problems in biology
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Jedan od najzanimljivijih i najvažnijih problema u biologiji
04:38
is reconstructing the tree of life,
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je rekonstrukcija drva života,
04:40
discovering when and how the different branches diverged.
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otkrivanje gdje su se i kako različite grane razišle.
Razmišljanje o nečem jednostavnom poput tjelesne simetrije
04:44
Thinking about something as simple as body symmetry
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04:46
can help us dig far into our evolutionary past
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moglo bi nam pomoći zaći dublje u našu evolucijsku prošlost
04:49
and understand where we, as a species, have come from.
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te shvatiti otkud smo, kao vrsta, došli.

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