A day in the life of a Cossack warrior - Alex Gendler

720,359 views ใƒป 2019-08-22

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Alsa Saal
00:06
Despite a serene sunset on the Dnipro river,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื”ืจื’ื•ืขื” ืขืœ ื ื”ืจ ื”ื“ื ื™ื™ืคืจ,
00:09
the mood is tense for the Zaporozhian Cossacks.
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ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ืžืชื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื•ื–ืืงื™ื ื”ื–ืคื•ืจื•ื–ื™ื”ื ื™ื.
00:13
The year is 1676, and the Treaty of ลปurawno has officially ended hostilities
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ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื 1676, ื•ืืžื ืช ื–'ื•ืจื•ื•ื ื• ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช
00:18
between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช ืœื™ื˜ืื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืขื•ืชื•ืžืื ื™ืช.
00:23
But as Stepan and his men ride towards their stronghold,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืกื˜ืคืŸ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื• ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืื—ื–,
00:26
peace is far from their minds.
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ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
00:29
Having made their home in the Wild Fields north of the Black Sea,
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ื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืื™ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
00:32
these cossacksโ€” derived from a Turkic word for "free man"โ€”
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ื”ืงื•ื–ืืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” -- ืฉืฉืžื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืชื•ืจื›ื™ืช "ืื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™" --
00:37
are renowned as one of Europeโ€™s most formidable military forces.
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ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
00:41
Composed of hunters, fishermen, nomads and outlaws,
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื, ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื, ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื,
00:44
the Cossacks found freedom in these fertile unclaimed lands.
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ื”ืงื•ื–ืืงื™ื ืžืฆืื• ื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ืœืœื•.
00:48
Yet this freedom has proven increasingly difficult to maintain.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืžื™ืจื”.
00:52
Their decades-long strategy of shifting alliances between Poland and Moscow
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœืžื•ืกืงื•ื•ื”
00:57
has led to the partitioning of their lands.
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื“ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื.
01:00
In a desperate bid to reclaim independence and reunite the fractured Cossack state,
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืืฉ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืงื•ื–ืืงื™ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืฆืœืช ืฉืœื”ื,
01:05
their most recent leader, hetman Petro Doroshenko allied with the Ottoman Empire.
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ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื˜ืžืŸ ืคื˜ืจื• ื“ื•ืจื•ืฉื ืงื• ื—ื‘ืจ ืœืืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืชื•ืžืื ื™ืช.
01:10
This alliance successfully freed the Zaporozhian Cossacks
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉื—ืจืจื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ื–ืืงื™ื ื”ื–ืคื•ืจื•ื–ื™ืื ื™ื
01:14
in the west from Polish dominion, but their victory was a bitter one.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืžื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžืจ.
01:18
Doroshenkoโ€™s Ottoman allies ravaged the countryside,
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ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื”ืขื•ืชื•ืžืื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื•ืฉื ืงื• ื‘ื–ื–ื• ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื•ืช,
01:22
carrying off peasants into slavery.
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ื•ืœืงื—ื• ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ื•ืช.
01:24
And outrage at allying with Muslims against fellow Christians
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ื•ื–ืขื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื
01:28
cost him any remaining local support.
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ืขืœื• ืœื• ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื ืฉืืจื”.
01:32
Now, with Doroshenko deposed and exiled,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉื“ื•ืจื•ืฉื ืงื• ืžื•ื“ื— ื•ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช,
01:35
the Cossacks are at odds, disagreeing on what their next move should be.
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ื”ืงื•ื–ืืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ืกื›ื™ื, ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืžื” ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื”ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
01:40
Until then, Stepan must keep order.
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ืขื“ ืื–, ืกื˜ืคืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ.
01:42
With his musket and curved saber, he cuts an imposing figure.
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ืขื ื”ืžืืกืงื˜ ื•ื”ื—ืจื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืžืจืช ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืื™ื™ืžืช.
01:46
He surveys his battalion of 180 men.
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ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืŸ 180 ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:50
Most are Orthodox Christians and speak a Slavic language
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ืงืกื™ื ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืคื” ืกืœืื•ื•ื™ืช
01:53
that will become modern Ukrainian.
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ืฉืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
01:55
But there are also Greeks, Tatars, and even some Mongolian Kalmyks,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ื˜ื˜ืืจื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืžื” ืงืืœืžื™ืงื™ื ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื,
02:00
many with different opinions on recent events.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืขื ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
02:03
Officially, all of Stepanโ€™s men have sworn to uphold the Cossack code
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™, ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืคืŸ ื ืฉื‘ืขื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืงื•ื–ืืงื™
02:08
by undergoing seven years of military training and remaining unmarried.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ืงื•ืช.
02:12
In practice, some are part-timers, holding more closely to their own traditions,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
02:17
and maintaining families in nearby villages, outside Cossack lands.
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ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื, ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื–ืืงื™ื.
02:22
Thankfully, the tenuous peace is not broken before they reach the Sichโ€”
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืฉืœื•ื ื”ืžืชื•ื— ืœื ืžื•ืคืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืกื™ืš ืฉืœื”ื --
02:26
the center of Cossack military life.
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ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื–ืืงื™ื™ื.
02:29
Currently located at Chortomlyk,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืžื•ืงื ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ืงืจื•ื˜ื•ืžื™ืœืง,
02:31
the Sichโ€™s location shifts with the tide of military action.
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ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืกื™ืš ื ืข ืขื ื’ืื•ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช.
02:35
The settlement is remarkably well- organized, with administrative buildings,
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ื”ื”ืชื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื ื”ืœืชื™ื™ื,
02:39
officersโ€™ quarters, and even schools, as Cossacks prize literacy.
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ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืงื•ื–ืืงื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื ืื•ืจื•ืช.
02:44
Stepan and his men make their way to the barracks where they live and train
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ืกื˜ืคืŸ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ื—ื™ื• ื•ื™ืชืืžื ื•
02:47
alongside several other battalions or kurins,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื• ืงื•ืจื™ื ื™ื,
02:51
all of which make up a several hundred man regiment.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื—ื“ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ื’ื“ื” ื‘ืช ืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:54
Inside, the men dine on dried fish, sheepโ€™s cheese, and salted pork fatโ€”
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ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื•ืขื“ื™ื ื“ื’ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื, ื’ื‘ื™ื ืช ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื, ื•ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืžื•ืžืœื— --
02:59
along with plenty of wine.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื™ืŸ.
03:02
Stepan instructs his friend Yuri to lighten the mood with his bandura.
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ืกื˜ืคืŸ ืžื•ืจื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื• ื™ื•ืจื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื™ืจื” ืขื ื”ื‘ื ื“ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื•.
03:06
But before long, an argument has broken out.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืคื•ืจืฅ.
03:09
One of his men has raised a toast to Doroshenko.
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ืื—ื“ ืžืื ืฉื™ื• ืžืจื™ื ื›ื•ืกื™ืช ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืฉื ืงื•.
03:12
Stepan cuts him off.
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ืกื˜ืคืŸ ืžืคืกื™ืง ืื•ืชื•.
03:14
The room is silent until he raises his own toast to Ivan Sirko,
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ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืžืฉืชืชืง ืขืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื™ื ื›ื•ืกื™ืช ืœืื™ื•ืŸ ืกื™ืจืงื•,
03:18
the new hetman who favors an alliance with Moscow against the Turks.
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ื”ื”ื˜ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ืžื•ืกืงื•ื•ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื.
03:23
Stepan plans to support him, and he expects his men to do the same.
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ืกื˜ืคืŸ ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืคื” ืžืื ืฉื™ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืชื•.
03:27
Suddenly, one of Sirkoโ€™s men rushes in,
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ืคืชืื•ื, ืื—ื“ ืžืื ืฉื™ ืกื™ืจืงื• ืžื”ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื”,
03:30
calling an emergency Rada, or general council meeting.
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ื•ืงื•ืจื ืœืจืื“ืืช ื—ืจื•ื, ืคื’ื™ืฉืช ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช.
03:34
Stepan and the others make their way towards the church squareโ€”
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ืกื˜ืคืŸ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื” --
03:37
the center of Sich life.
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ืžืจื›ื– ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืกื™ืš.
03:39
Ivan Sirko welcomes the confused crowd with exciting newsโ€”
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ืื™ื•ืŸ ืกื™ืจืงื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ ืขื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช --
03:43
scouts have located a large Ottoman camp completely vulnerable on one side.
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ืกื™ื™ืจื™ื ืื™ืชืจื• ืžื—ื ื” ืขื•ืชื•ืžืื ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื’ื™ืข ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“.
03:48
Sirko vows that tomorrow, they will ride against their common enemy,
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ืกื™ืจืงื• ื ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืžื—ืจ, ื”ื ื™ืจื›ื‘ื• ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœื”ื,
03:52
defend the Cossacksโ€™ autonomy, and bring unity to the Wild Fields.
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ื•ื™ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื–ืืงื™ืช, ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืœืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืื™ื™ื.
03:57
As the men cheer in unison,
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ื›ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื™ืขื™ื ื™ื—ื“,
03:59
Stepan is relieved at their renewed sense of brotherhood.
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ืกื˜ืคืŸ ื ืจื’ืข ืžืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœื”ื.
04:03
Over the next 200 years, these freedom fighters would take on many foes.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 200 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
04:07
And tragically,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ืจืื’ื™,
04:08
they would eventually become the oppressive hand of the Russian government
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ื”ื ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืžื“ื›ืืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืจื•ืกื™
04:12
they once opposed.
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ืืœื™ื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืคืขื.
04:13
But today, these 17th century Cossacks
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืงื•ื–ืืงื™ื ืžื”ืžืื” ื” 17 ื”ืืœื”
04:16
are remembered for their spirit of independence and defiance.
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ื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
04:20
As the Russian painter Ilya Repin once said:
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ืื™ืœื™ื” ืจืคื™ืŸ ืืžืจ ืคืขื:
04:23
โ€œNo people in the world held freedom, equality, and fraternity so deeply.โ€
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"ืืฃ ืขื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ, ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืžื•ืง."
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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