The surprising secrets of hummingbird flight - Kristiina J. Hurme and Alejandro Rico-Guevara

1,054,078 views

2021-04-08 ใƒป TED-Ed


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The surprising secrets of hummingbird flight - Kristiina J. Hurme and Alejandro Rico-Guevara

1,054,078 views ใƒป 2021-04-08

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:06
And the clock starts...
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ื•ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ...
00:08
now.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
00:11
Did you miss it?
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ืคื™ืกืคืกืชื ืืช ื–ื”?
00:12
It wasnโ€™t some bug buzzing by or a weird trick of the light.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืจืง ืžืขื•ืคืฃ ืื• ื˜ืจื™ืง ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ.
00:16
You just saw a hummingbird perform astonishing aerial acrobatics,
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ืจืื™ืชื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ื•ื ืง ื“ื‘ืฉ ืžื‘ืฆืข ืืงืจื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืงื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”,
00:20
eat lunch in midair, pollinate a flower, and then escape a threat upside downโ€”
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ืื•ื›ืœ ืืจื•ื—ื” ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืžืื‘ื™ืง ืคืจื—, ื•ืื– ื‘ื•ืจื— ืžืื™ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืš --
00:26
all in a matter of seconds.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
00:29
So letโ€™s slow down the action, and unpack each step in this blazing-fast feast.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืื˜ ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•.
00:36
First up, their incredibly rapid flight.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
00:39
Hummingbirds typically beat their wings 30 to 40 times per second,
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ื™ื•ื ืงื™ ื“ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืžื ืคื ืคื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืคื™ื”ื 30 ืขื“ 40 ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”,
00:43
creating the high-frequency hum theyโ€™re named for.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื–ืžื–ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื”ื ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
00:47
To flap their wings at this speed,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืคื ืฃ ื‘ื›ื ืคื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื•,
00:49
hummingbirds have evolved giant pectoral muscles
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ื™ื•ื ืงื™ ื“ื‘ืฉ ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื—ื–ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื
00:52
that comprise over a third of some speciesโ€™ bodyweight.
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ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื–ื ื™ื.
00:56
But the real secret to their fine-tuned flight is all in the wrist.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœื˜ื™ืกื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืคืจืง.
01:01
Most birds only generate lift on the downstroke of each flap,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืขื™ืœื•ื™ ืจืง ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื ืคื ื•ืฃ,
01:05
while using the upward recovery stroke to set up their next wing beat.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžืงื ืœื ืคื ืคื•ืฃ ื”ื›ื ืฃ ื”ื‘ื.
01:10
Hummingbirds however, turn their wrists during the upstroke,
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ื™ื•ื ืงื™ ื“ื‘ืฉ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืœื™ื”,
01:14
changing their wingโ€™s angle to flap in a figure 8 pattern
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ื•ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื ืคื™ื”ื ืœื ืคื ืฃ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 8
01:18
that continually generates lift throughout their wingbeats.
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืขื™ืœื•ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื ืคื ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:22
Alongside their massive muscles, this special lift-producing technique
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
01:26
allows hummingbirds to achieve sustained hovering flightโ€”
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ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื˜ื™ืกืช ืจื™ื—ื•ืฃ ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช --
01:30
an aerial feat no other bird can perform.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืชืขื•ืคืชื™ืช ืฉืืฃ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ืฆืข.
01:33
Hovering lets hummingbirds slow to a stop almost instantly
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ืจื™ื—ื•ืฃ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ืœื”ืื˜ ืœืขืฆื™ืจื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช
01:38
and assess scenarios in midair.
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ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ.
01:40
Then, they can take off in any direction,
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ืื–, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ,
01:42
reaching speeds faster than a fighter jet, relative to the birdโ€™s size.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื˜ื•ืก ืงืจื‘, ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ.
01:47
And since they can beat each of their wings at different speeds and angles,
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืคื ืฃ ื›ืœ ื›ื ืฃ ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
01:51
the birds can perform incredible spins and turns
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ
01:54
all while flying backwards or even upside down.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืขื•ืฃ ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืคื•ืš.
01:58
Of course, flying this way can be exhausting.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืชืขื•ืคื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื™ื™ืคืช.
02:01
Hovering is one of the most energy intensive forms of movement
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ืจื™ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
02:05
in the animal kingdom.
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ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™.
02:06
And relative to their body size,
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ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื,
02:08
hummingbirds have the highest metabolic rates of all vertebrates.
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ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ ื“ื‘ืฉ ื™ืฉ ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช.
02:12
This leads them to eat very frequentlyโ€”
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชื›ื•ืฃ --
02:14
often consuming an average of four meals an hour while flying.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืขื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืขืคื™ื.
02:19
Fortunately, their hovering lets them eat at remarkable angles without perching,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“,
02:24
consuming food that would otherwise be impossible to reach.
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ื•ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•.
02:28
Using their long slender bills,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื“ืง ื•ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœื”ื,
02:30
they reach deep inside flowers and pump out nectar
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ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืคืจื— ื•ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืฆื•ืฃ
02:33
with their thin grooved tongues.
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ืขื ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื.
02:36
This sugary liquid is a hummingbirdโ€™s most important energy source,
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ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื”ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ,
02:40
and a single bird consumes six times its weight in nectar every day
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ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืคื™ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžืžืฉืงืœ ื’ื•ืคื” ื‘ืฆื•ืฃ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื
02:45
over hundreds of small meals.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
02:47
Each of these sugary snacks also pollinates the flower being visited
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื”ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื’ื ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื— ืฉื‘ื• ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื
02:52
with pollen left on the bird from previous meals.
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ื‘ืื‘ืงื ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช.
02:55
That's just a rough idea of what hummingbirds can do in several seconds.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื ืง ื“ื‘ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
03:00
But if we hang around a little longer,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช,
03:02
we might see their aerial acrobatics put to a more dangerous test.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืืจื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:07
Hummingbirds keep track of which flowers they've recently drained,
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ื™ื•ื ืงื™ ื“ื‘ืฉ ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ื ืจื•ืงื ื•,
03:11
as well as those they plan to drain next.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ืืœื” ืฉื”ื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืœืจื•ืงืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
03:13
And each bird will fight ruthlessly to defend this floral territory
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ื•ื›ืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื™ืœื—ื ืœืœื ืžื•ืจื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืคืจื—ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”
03:18
from their only real competition: other hummingbirds.
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ืžื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื: ื™ื•ื ืงื™ ื“ื‘ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:22
Using their spear-like bills and blindingly fast flight,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื” ื”ืžืขื•ื•ืจืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืชื”,
03:26
dueling hummingbirds chase each other through the air,
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ื™ื•ื ืงื™ ื“ื‘ืฉ ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
03:29
aggressively stabbing and plucking feathers.
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ื“ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืœืฉื™ื ื ื•ืฆื•ืช.
03:32
The bills of some species are specialized for fighting,
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœืœื—ื™ืžื”,
03:36
with spiny tips, hooks, or even saw-like serrations.
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ืขื ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ื ื™ื, ื•ื•ื™ื, ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืžืกื•ืจ.
03:40
Some hummingbirds employ these aerial fencing techniques
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ื›ืžื” ื™ื•ื ืงื™ ื“ื‘ืฉ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืฃ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื™ ื”ืืœื•
03:43
to chase off larger birds like hawks and owls.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื ืฆื™ื ื•ื™ื ืฉื•ืคื™ื.
03:47
But the most extreme fights are between male hummingbirds
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ ื“ื‘ืฉ ื–ื›ืจื™ื
03:50
competing for flowers and females.
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ืฉืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจื—ื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืช.
03:53
Fortunately, these duels are rarely deadly.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื ืจืง ืœืขืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช.
03:56
After 15 to 20 seconds, one bird will typically surrenderโ€”
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ืื—ืจื™ 15 ืขื“ 20 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืชื™ื›ื ืข --
04:00
flying off to seek its breakfast elsewhere.
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ื•ืชืขื•ืฃ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืจื•ื—ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.
04:04
After all this fighting, feeding, and flying,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื•, ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืชืขื•ืคื”,
04:07
hummingbirds sometimes need to sleep off the dayโ€™s events
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ื™ื•ื ืงื™ ื“ื‘ืฉ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื™ื•ื
04:10
in a mild form of hibernation called torpor.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืžืช ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื˜ื•ืจืคื•ืจ.
04:14
Their heartsโ€” proportionally the largest in the animal kingdomโ€”
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ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื -- ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ --
04:18
slow from 1,200 beats per minute to a mere 50.
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ืžืื˜ื™ื ืž-1200 ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ืœื“ืงื” ืœืจืง 50.
04:22
But when they wake up 4 to 7 hours later,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ 4 ืขื“ 7 ืฉืขื•ืช,
04:25
their lightning-fast metabolism kicks back into gear.
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ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืžื™ื“ ืœืคืขื•ืœื”.
04:29
With all this speed and strength,
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืœื”,
04:31
itโ€™s no wonder the Aztecs revered these energetic birds
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ืื™ืŸ ืคืœื ืฉื”ืืฆื˜ืงื™ื ื”ืขืจื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
04:35
as agents of the god of war Huitzilopotchliโ€”
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ื›ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ื•ื™ืฆื™ืœื•ืคื•ื˜ืฆโ€™ืœื™ --
04:38
a reminder that immense power can come in the smallest packages.
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ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืฉื›ื•ื— ืื“ื™ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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