What causes constipation? - Heba Shaheed

4,085,708 views ใƒป 2018-05-07

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
Visiting the bathroom is part of the daily human experience.
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ืช.
00:10
But occasionally, constipation strikes,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขืฆื™ืจื•ืช,
00:12
a condition that causes a backup in your digestive system.
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ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืคืงืง ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ.
00:16
The food you eat can take several days to exit your body.
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ืœืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืื›ืœืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
00:19
And for many, constipation can become chronic,
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื, ืขืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช,
00:22
meaning regularly passing lumpy hard stools accompanied by straining.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืฉื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืืžืฅ.
00:27
What's behind this unsettling phenomenon?
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ืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื” ื–ื•?
00:30
Constipation arises in the colon, also known as the large intestine.
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ืขืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ื›ืจื›ืฉืช, ื”ื ืงืจืืช ื’ื ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก.
00:35
This muscular organ is split into four sections:
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ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื:
00:38
the ascending,
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ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก ื”ืขื•ืœื”,
00:39
transverse,
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ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ื™,
00:40
descending,
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ื”ื™ื•ืจื“,
00:41
and sigmoid colon,
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื’ืžื•ืื™ื“ื™,
00:43
which connects with the rectum and anus.
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ืฉืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ื—ืœื—ื•ืœืช ื•ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช.
00:45
The small intestine delivers stool
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ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืฆื•ืื”
00:47
consisting of ingested food, bile, and digestive juices
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืขื•ื›ืœ, ืžืจื”, ื•ืžื™ืฆื™ ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ
00:52
to the large intestine.
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ืœืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก.
00:54
As this stool moves through the colon,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆื•ืื” ื ืขื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก,
00:55
the organ siphons off most of the water it contains,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื ืงื– ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื”,
00:59
transforming it from liquid to solid.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืžื ื•ื–ืœ ืœืžื•ืฆืง.
01:02
The longer this transmission takes,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืื•ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ,
01:04
the more reabsorption occurs, resulting in increasingly solid stool.
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ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืคื™ื’ื”, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืฆื•ืื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:10
Once it reaches the sigmoid colon,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขื™ ื”ืกื™ื’ืžื•ืื™ื“ื™,
01:12
a final bout of reabsorption occurs before it enters the rectum,
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ืžืงื˜ืข ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื’ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœื—ืœื—ื•ืœืช,
01:16
distending its walls and telling the internal anal sphincter to relax.
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ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ืงื™ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืื•ืžืจืช ืœืกื•ื’ืจ ื”ืชืขืœื” ื”ืื ืœื™ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ.
01:21
This is the point where you can usually decide whether to physically expel
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ื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืืชื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
01:25
or retain the stool.
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ืื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
01:26
Thatโ€™s regulated by the pelvic floor muscles,
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ื–ื” ืžื ื•ื˜ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ืจืฆืคืช ื”ืื’ืŸ,
01:29
particularly the puborectalis
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืคื•ื‘ื•ืจืงื˜ืœื™ืก
01:31
and external anal sphincter.
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ื•ืกื•ื’ืจ ื”ืชืขืœื” ื”ืื ืœื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
01:34
The puborectalis forms a sling-like formation around the rectum
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ื”ืคื•ื‘ื•ืจืงื˜ืœื™ืก ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืœื•ืœืื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ืœื—ื•ืœืช
01:38
called the anorectal angle.
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื”ื–ื•ื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ืœื™ืช.
01:40
And when you voluntarily relax your external anal sphincter,
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืืช ืกื•ื’ืจ ืชืขืœืช ื”ืื ื•ืก ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
01:44
the stool is finally expelled.
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ื”ืฆื•ืื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืฆืืช.
01:46
When youโ€™re constipated, however,
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ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืขืฆื™ืจื•ืช, ืขื ื–ืืช,
01:48
a desire to visit the bathroom isn't enough to coax your body into action.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืคืขื•ืœื”.
01:52
Usually there's two factors behind this problem:
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”:
01:56
the stoolโ€™s slow movement through the colon
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก
01:58
and/or pelvic floor dysfunction.
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ื•/ืื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืจืฆืคืช ื”ืื’ืŸ.
02:01
In the first, stool moves excessively slowly through the intestines,
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ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืฆื•ืื” ื ืขื” ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืžืขื™,
02:05
causing over-absorption of liquid, which makes the stool dry and hard.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืกืคื™ื’ื” ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื, ืฉืžื™ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื•ืžืงืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืื”.
02:10
With pelvic floor dysfunction,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืจืฆืคืช ื”ืื’ืŸ,
02:11
stool becomes difficult to eliminate from the rectum
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ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืื” ืžื”ื—ืœื—ื•ืœืช
02:14
because of tightened pelvic floor muscles, or due to a pelvic organ prolapse,
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ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ืจืฆืคืช ื”ืื’ืŸ, ืื• ื‘ืฉืœ ืฆื ื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืื’ืŸ,
02:20
usually through childbirth or aging.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฉืœ ืœื™ื“ื” ืื• ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช.
02:24
Both of these problems make the anorectal angle more acute
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ืœื™ืช ืœื—ื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:27
and it becomes difficult to expel waste.
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ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ืคืชืจ ืžื”ืคืกื•ืœืช.
02:31
To identify constipation precisely,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืขืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง,
02:33
researchers have developed metrics, such as the Bristol Stool Chart.
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืžื“ื“ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืžื“ื“ ื‘ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืœ ืœืฆื•ืื”.
02:37
Most people who look at that chart
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื”
02:39
will be able to tell theyโ€™ve experienced constipation before.
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ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ื”ื ื—ื•ื• ืขืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
02:42
When youโ€™re on the toilet, you should ideally be in a squatting position.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื’ื—ื™ื ื”.
02:46
With your buttocks firmly on the toilet seat,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ืฉื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืžื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืืกืœื”,
02:48
you can elevate your feet on a stool
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืจืคืจืฃ
02:51
and lean forwards with a straight back,
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ื•ืœื”ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืขื ื’ื‘ ื™ืฉืจ,
02:53
which straightens the anorectal angle and eases the passage of waste.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช.
02:58
Going a day without a bowel movement isnโ€™t necessarily cause for alarm.
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ืื ืขื‘ืจืชื ื™ื•ื ื‘ืœื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช ืžืขื™ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื“ืื™ื’.
03:02
But if you are experiencing chronic constipation,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช,
03:05
simple dietary and lifestyle changes,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
03:07
like fibrous vegetables,
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ื›ืžื• ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
03:09
regular exercise,
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ื”ืชืขืžืœื•ืช ืกื“ื™ืจื”,
03:10
abdominal massage,
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ืžืกืื–' ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื™,
03:11
and 6 to 8 cups of water per day
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ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 6 ืขื“ 8 ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื
03:14
may help restore your daily trip to the toilet.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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