The surprisingly long history of electric cars - Daniel Sperling and Gil Tal

535,031 views ใƒป 2021-10-26

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:06
If you were buying a car in 1899,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ 1899,
00:09
you wouldโ€™ve had three major options to choose from.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื”ืŸ.
00:13
You could buy a steam-powered car.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื ืขืช ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ.
00:15
Typically relying on gas-powered boilers, these could drive as far as you wantedโ€”
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ืฉืžืกืชืžื›ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืขืœ ื“ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ื“ืœืง, ืืœื• ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœื›ืœ ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื --
00:20
provided you also wanted to lug around extra water to refuel
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ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื ื’ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื™ืชื›ื ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืชื“ืœืง
00:24
and didnโ€™t mind waiting 30 minutes for your engine to heat up.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื›ืคืช ืœื›ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช 30 ื“ืงื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžื ื•ืข ื™ืชื—ืžื.
00:27
Alternatively, you could buy a car powered by gasoline.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœื•ืคื™, ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืขื ืžื ื•ืข ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ.
00:31
However, the internal combustion engines in these models
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื‘ืขืจื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”
00:34
required dangerous hand-cranking to start
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ื“ืจืฉ ื”ื ืขื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื ื•ืืœื”
00:37
and emitted loud noises and foul-smelling exhaust while driving.
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ื•ืคืœื˜ ืจืขืฉื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ื’ื–ื™ ืื’ื–ื•ื– ืžืกืจื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื”.
00:42
So your best bet was probably option number three:
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ืื– ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช:
00:45
a battery-powered electric vehicle.
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ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืžื•ื ืข ืกื•ืœืœื”.
00:48
These cars were quick to start, clean and quiet to run,
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื ืขื”, ื ืงื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืงื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืขืœื”,
00:52
and if you lived somewhere with access to electricity,
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ื•ืื ื—ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื—ืฉืžืœ,
00:55
easy to refuel overnight.
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ืงืœื•ืช ืœืชื“ืœื•ืง ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
00:58
If this seems like an easy choice, you're not alone.
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ืื ื–ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืงืœื”, ืืชื ืœื ืœื‘ื“.
01:02
By the end of the 19th century, nearly 40% of American cars were electric.
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” 19, ื›ืžืขื˜ 40% ืžื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช.
01:08
In cities with early electric systems,
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ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืขื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช,
01:10
battery-powered cars were a popular and reliable alternative
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ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื•ืืžื™ื ื”
01:14
to their occasionally explosive competitors.
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ืœืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืฉืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•.
01:18
But electric vehicles had one major problemโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื—ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” --
01:21
batteries.
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ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช.
01:22
Early car batteries were expensive and inefficient.
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ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
01:26
Many inventors, including Thomas Edison,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื•ืžืืก ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
01:28
tried to build batteries that stored more electricity.
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ื ื™ืกื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฉืื’ืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:31
Others even built exchange stations in urban areas to swap out dead batteries
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื ื• ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืคื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ืช
01:36
for charged ones.
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ื‘ื›ืืœื• ื˜ืขื•ื ื•ืช.
01:38
But these measures werenโ€™t enough to allow electric vehicles to make long trips.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืกืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
01:42
And at over twice the price of a gas-powered car,
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ื•ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ,
01:46
many couldnโ€™t afford these luxury items.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืœื•ืงืกื•ืก.
01:49
At the same time, oil discoveries lowered the price of gasoline,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืคื˜ ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ,
01:54
and new advances made internal combustion engines more appealing.
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ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื‘ืขืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:58
Electric starters removed the need for hand-cranking,
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ืžืชื ืขื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื ื•ืืœื” ื™ื“ื ื™ืช,
02:01
mufflers made engines quieter and rubber engine mounts reduced vibration.
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ืžืฉืชื™ืงื™ ืงื•ืœ ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืข ืžื’ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืช.
02:07
In 1908, Ford released the Model T;
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ื‘ 1908, ืคื•ืจื“ ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ T;
02:11
a cheap, high-quality gas-powered car that captured the public imagination.
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ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืœื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœื›ื“ื” ืืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
02:17
By 1915, the percentage of electric cars on the road had plummeted.
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ืขื“ 1915, ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืฆื ื—.
02:23
For the next 55 years, internal combustion engines ruled the roads.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 55 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื‘ืขืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื.
02:28
Aside from some special-purpose vehicles, electric cars were nowhere to be found.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ืžืฆื.
02:34
However, in the 1970s, the tide began to turn.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 70, ื”ื’ืื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ืฉื•ื‘.
02:38
US concerns about oil availability renewed interest in alternative energy sources.
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ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื”โ€œื‘ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืคื˜ ื•ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื.
02:44
And studies in the 1980s linking car emissions with smog
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ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื” 80 ืฉืงื™ืฉืจื• ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืจืคื™ื—
02:48
in cities like Los Angeles
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ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœื•ืก ืื ื’โ€™ืœืก
02:50
encouraged governments and environmental organizations
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ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื
02:53
to reconsider electric vehicles.
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ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื.
02:56
At this point, car companies had spent decades
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื”, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื
02:59
investing in internal combustion engines without devoting any resources
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ื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื‘ืขืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
03:04
to solving the century-old battery problem.
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ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืช ื”ืžืื”.
03:07
But other companies were developing increasingly efficient batteries
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช
03:10
to power a new wave of portable electronics.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ื›ื•ื— ืœื’ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื ื™ื™ื“ืช.
03:14
By the 1990s, energy dense nickel metal hydride batteries were on the market,
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ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 90, ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื ื™ืงืœ ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ืกื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืง,
03:20
soon followed by lithium-ion batteries.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืŸ.
03:23
Alongside regulatory mandates by California to reduce smog,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื ื“ื˜ื™ื ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืขืจืคื™ื—,
03:27
these innovations sparked a small wave of new electric vehicles,
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ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืฆื™ืชื• ื’ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
03:32
including hybrid cars.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.
03:34
Hybrids arenโ€™t true electric vehicles;
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ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื;
03:36
their nickel metal hydride batteries
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ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืงืœ ืžืชื›ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ
03:38
are only used to optimize the efficiency of gas-burning engines.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ืฉื•ืจืคื™ ื“ืœืง.
03:43
But in 2008, Tesla Motors went further,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ 2008, ื˜ืกืœื” ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจืก ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืœืื”,
03:47
grabbing the attention of consumers, automakers, and regulators
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ื•ืœื›ื“ื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื, ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื
03:51
with its lithium-ion-powered Roadster.
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ืขื ืจื•ื“ืกื˜ืจ ืžื•ื ืขืช- ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื- ื™ื•ืŸ.
03:54
This purely electric vehicle could travel more than 320 kilometers
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ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 320 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ
03:59
on a single charge,
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ืขืœ ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช,
04:01
almost doubling the previous record.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื.
04:04
Since then, electric vehicles have vastly improved in cost, performance,
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ืžืื–, ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืคืจื• ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ, ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื,
04:09
efficiency, and availability.
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ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช.
04:12
They can accelerate much faster than gas-powered sports cars,
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ืžืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ,
04:15
and while some models still have a high upfront cost,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื“ื’ืžื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืงื ื™ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
04:19
they reliably save their drivers money in the long run.
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ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืกื›ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš.
04:22
As governments around the world focus on slowing climate change,
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ื›ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ื”ืื˜ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
04:26
electric vehicles are now expected to replace gas-powered ones altogether.
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ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ืคื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
04:31
In Norway, 75% of car sales in 2020 were plug-in electric vehicles.
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ื‘ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื”, 75% ืžืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ 2020 ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช.
04:39
And policies such as Californiaโ€™s Zero Emission Vehicle mandate
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ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื ื“ื˜ ืืคืก ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”
04:43
and Europeโ€™s aggressive CO2 emission standards
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ื•ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืคื“โ€œื—
04:46
have dramatically slowed investments in gas-powered vehicles worldwide.
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ื”ืื˜ื• ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
04:51
Soon, electric cars will reclaim their place on the road,
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ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ,
04:55
putting gasoline in our rearview.
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ื•ื™ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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