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00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell
Reviewer: Morton Bast
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譯者: Ho-chung Chou
審譯者: Sailin Lu
00:15
This is about a hidden corner of the labor market.
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今天要講的是人力市場中鮮為人知的族群。
00:19
It's the world of people who need to work ultra-flexibly,
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這個族群的人需要極為彈性的上班時間,
00:22
if they're to work at all.
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前提是有班能上。
00:24
So think, for instance,
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試想一下,比方說,
00:25
of someone who has a recurring but unpredictable medical condition,
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罹患慢性病、病情反覆不定的病患,
00:28
or somebody who's caring for a dependent adult,
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或者照顧失能成年人的看護,
00:31
or a parent with complex child care needs.
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或者照顧罹患多重障礙的兒女的家長。
00:34
Their availability for work can be such that it's,
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他們留給工作的時間可能是:
00:37
"A few hours today.
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「今天幾小時。
00:39
Maybe I can work tomorrow, but I don't know if and when yet."
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明天或許可以上班,
但是之後我就不知道了。」
00:42
And it's extraordinarily difficult for these people
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這些人很難找得到工作,
00:45
to find the work that they so often need very badly.
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而他們往往迫切需要一份工作。
00:48
Which is a tragedy because there are employers
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可惜的是,其實有不少僱主
00:51
who can use pools of very flexible local people
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可以僱用一大群彈性上班的當地人,
00:54
booked completely ad hoc around when that person wants to work.
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根據員工能上班的時段,
量身打造他們的班表。
00:58
Imagine that you run a cafe.
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好比說你開了一間咖啡店,
01:01
It's mid-morning, the place is filling up.
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日上三竿,店內人潮湧現。
01:02
You're going to have a busy lunchtime rush.
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你準備應付繁忙的午餐時間。
01:04
If you could get two extra workers for 90 minutes
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如果午餐時段能多兩個員工幫忙一個半小時
01:07
to start in an hour's time,
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並可以在一小時內上工
01:10
you'd do it, but they'd have to be reliable, inducted in how your cafe works.
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你當然願意,但這些人一定要可靠,
熟悉咖啡店的運作。
01:15
They'd have to be available at very competitive rates.
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他們的工資一定也要符合行情。
01:17
They'd have to be bookable in about the next minute.
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這些人手一定要能隨傳隨到。
01:20
In reality, no recruitment agency wants to handle that sort of business,
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實際上,沒有一間人力公司想接這種生意,
01:24
so you are going to muddle by, understaffed.
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所以你會因為缺員而捉襟見肘。
01:27
And it's not just caterers, it's hoteliers, it's retailers,
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不只有餐飲業,還有飯店業和零售業,
01:30
it's anyone who provides services to the public or businesses.
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只要是提供服務給社會大眾的行業都
會遇到這種狀況。
01:33
There's all sorts of organizations that can use these pools of very flexible people,
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許多機關組織其實都用得上
這些彈性上班的員工,
01:37
possibly already once they've been inducted.
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說不定早在有人引薦前就開始雇用了。
01:40
At this level of the labor market,
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從這個層面來看人力市場,
01:43
what you need is a marketplace for spare hours.
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你需要的是一個仲介閒暇勞力的平台。
01:46
They do exist. Here's how they work.
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真的有這地方。其運作方式如下:
01:48
So in this example, a distribution company has said,
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舉個例子,有間物流公司說:
01:52
we've got a rush order that we've got to get out of the warehouse tomorrow morning.
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我們收到急單,明早之前必須從倉庫出貨。
01:55
Show us everyone who's available.
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告訴我們有哪些人可用。
01:57
It's found 31 workers.
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結果找到 31 名工人。
01:58
Everybody on this screen is genuinely available at those specific hours tomorrow.
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螢幕上的人都能在
明天的特定時段提供勞力。
02:02
They're all contactable in time for this booking.
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每個人都聯絡得到,
都能在預定時間準時上工。
02:04
They've all defined the terms on which they will accept bookings.
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他們都列出了接受預約的條件。
02:08
And this booking is within all the parameters for each individual.
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而每個應徵者的條件都符合這次預約。
02:12
And they would all be legally compliant by doing this booking.
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他們也都俱有履行本次預約的合法條件。
02:14
Of course, they're all trained to work in warehouses.
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當然,他們全都受過倉儲工作的相關訓練。
02:16
You can select as many of them as you want.
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你想選幾個人都行。
02:18
They're from multiple agencies.
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他們來自多間仲介公司。
02:20
It's calculated the charge rate for each person for this specific booking.
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每一次預約時,
個人工作時薪會重新計算。
02:24
And it's monitoring their reliability.
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並持續評估這些應徵者的可靠程度。
02:26
The people on the top row are the provenly reliable ones.
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名單頂端的人選,都有可靠的工作紀錄。
02:29
They're likely to be more expensive.
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他們的工資通常比較高。
02:31
In an alternative view of this pool of local, very flexible people,
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換個角度看這個族群,
這些工時非常彈性的人,
02:34
here's a market research company,
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這是一家市場調查公司,
02:36
and it's inducted maybe 25 local people in how to do street interviewing.
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該公司培訓了約 25 名當地人,
要他們進行街頭訪問。
02:40
And they've got a new campaign. They want to run it next week.
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這公司有個新活動,打算下星期開始執行。
02:42
And they're looking at how many of the people they've inducted
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他們想知道等到下星期,每個鐘點
02:46
are available each hour next week.
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能找到幾個培訓員工上班。
02:48
And they'll then decide when to do their street interviews.
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然後他們就會決定何時進行街頭訪問。
02:51
But is there more that could be done
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而我們是否還能為勞動市場中的
02:53
for this corner of the labor market?
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這個族群做些甚麼?
02:55
Because right now there are so many people
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因為就在此刻,
很多人為求改善經濟狀況,
02:58
who need whatever economic opportunity they can get.
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不願放過任何一份工作機會。
03:01
Let's make it personal.
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看看一個貼身的例子。
03:03
Imagine that a young woman -- base of the economic pyramid,
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如果說,有位年輕女子,
金字塔底部的經濟弱勢族群,
03:06
very little prospect of getting a job --
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找到工作的機會渺茫,
03:08
what economic activity could she theoretically engage in?
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理論上,她能參與何種經濟活動?
03:12
Well, she might be willing to work odd hours
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或許她願意打打零工,
03:14
in a call center, in a reception area, in a mail room.
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到客服中心、接待處,或郵務室工作。
03:18
She may be interested in providing local services to her community:
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或許她有興趣加入當地的社區服務:
03:21
babysitting, local deliveries, pet care.
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做保姆、本地郵遞,或是照顧寵物。
03:24
She may have possessions that she would like to trade
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或許她手邊有一些物品,等到用不到時
03:27
at times she doesn't need them.
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想拿出來變賣。
03:28
So she might have a sofa bed in her front room that she would like to let out.
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說不定她的客廳有張沙發床想出讓。
03:32
She might have a bike, a video games console she only uses occasionally.
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或許她有一輛單車、
一台偶爾玩玩的電視遊戲機。
03:36
And you're probably thinking -- because you're all very web-aware --
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而你們可能認為,
因為各位的網路消息都很靈通,
03:39
yes, and we're in the era of collaborative consumption,
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沒錯,我們現在身在一個合作消費的世代,
03:42
so she can go online and do all this.
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所以她可以上網完成所有步驟。
03:43
She can go to Airbnb to list her sofa bed,
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她可以上 Airbnb 標示她有張沙發床,
03:46
she can go to TaskRabbit.com and say, "I want to do local deliveries," and so on.
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她可以上 TaskRabbit.com 說:
「我想應徵本地快遞」之類的。
03:50
These are good sites, but I believe we can go a step further.
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那些網站都不錯,
但我相信我們能更進一步。
03:55
And the key to that is a philosophy that we call modern markets for all.
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箇中訣竅是我們稱之為
「各適其所的現代市場」哲學。
04:02
Markets have changed beyond recognition in the last 20 years,
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過去二十年來,
市場起了翻天覆地的變化,
04:06
but only for organizations at the top of the economy.
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但這些變化都只對
經濟金字塔頂層的組織有利。
04:10
If you're a Wall Street trader, you now take it for granted
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如果你是華爾街交易員,
你視為理所當然的事,
04:13
that you sell your financial assets in a system of markets
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就是在市場系統中
買賣自己的金融資產,
04:16
that identifies the most profitable opportunities for you in real time,
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這種市場能即時為你
找出最有機會獲利的交易,
04:20
executes on that in microseconds within the boundaries you've set.
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用你預設的停損點執行交易,花不到一秒鐘。
04:23
It analyzes supply and demand and pricing
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會幫你分析供應和需求和定價,
04:27
and tells you where your next wave of opportunities are coming from.
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然後告訴你下一波機會從哪裡出現。
04:29
It manages counterparty risk in incredibly sophisticated ways.
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它以非常複雜的方式管理交易對手風險。
04:32
It's all extremely low overhead.
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這種方式的成本極低。
04:35
What have we gained at the bottom of the economy
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藉由市場經濟的名義,過去 20 年來我們
04:38
in terms of markets in the last 20 years?
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從金字塔底部掠奪了多少資源?
04:42
Basically classified adverts with a search facility.
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基本上我是以搜索工具來分類這些廣告。
04:48
So why do we have this disparity
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所以為什麼金字塔頂端那些
04:50
between these incredibly sophisticated markets at the top of the economy
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極為複雜的市場之間會有差異,
04:54
that are increasingly sucking more and more activity and resource
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這些市場從經濟主體汲取出
越來越多的活力和資源,
04:57
out of the main economy into this rarefied level of trading,
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然後將其投注在
某種考究複雜的高階交易,
05:01
and what the rest of us have?
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那我們其他人還剩甚麼?
05:03
A modern market is more than a website;
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現代化市場不是單純的網站;
05:06
it's a web of interoperable marketplaces,
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這樣的網站是互助互用的交易場所,
05:09
back office mechanisms, regulatory regimes,
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擁有後台作業機制、市場監管制度、
05:11
settlement mechanisms, liquidity sources and so on.
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解決紛爭機制、 流動性來源等等。
05:16
And when a Wall Street trader comes into work in the morning,
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當我們這位華爾街交易員開始一早的工作,
05:19
she does not write a listing for every financial derivative she wants to sell today
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她不用把今天想賣的
每一種衍生性金融商品寫成清單,
05:25
and then post that listing on multiple websites
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然後把清單貼在好幾個網站上,
05:27
and wait for potential buyers to get in touch
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然後等待潛在買家上門聯繫,
05:30
and start negotiating the terms on which she might trade.
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然後開始就可能的交易來協商期限。
05:33
In the early days of this modern markets technology,
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這種早期的現代行銷技術,
05:36
the financial institutions worked out
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是金融機構想出來的,
05:38
how they could leverage their buying power, their back office processes,
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如何槓桿操作他們的購買力、
後臺作業的流程、
05:42
their relationships, their networks
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業界的關係、網路,
05:44
to shape these new markets that would create all this new activity.
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來塑造這些新興市場,
進而創造這種新型態的活動。
05:49
They asked governments for supporting regulatory regimes,
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他們要求政府提供
市場監管制度的支援,
05:52
and in a lot of cases they got it.
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很多交易都得到了幫助。
05:55
But throughout the economy,
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但就整體經濟而言,
05:57
there are facilities that could likewise leverage
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有功能相同的工具
05:59
a new generation of markets
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能槓桿操作新一代的市場,
06:01
for the benefit of all of us.
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以我們所有人的利益為前提。
06:04
And those facilities --
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和那些工具......
06:06
I'm talking about things like the mechanisms that prove our identity,
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我說的是一種機制,
能辨識我們的身份,
06:09
the licensing authorities
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能核准證照的機關,
06:12
that know what each of us is allowed to do legally at any given time,
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知道我們每個人何時擁有哪些合法的執行許可,
06:15
the processes by which we resolve disputes through official channels.
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掌握我們透過官方管道
解決紛爭的過程。
06:19
These mechanisms, these facilities
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這些機制和這些工具,
06:22
are not in the gift of Craigslist or Gumtree or Yahoo,
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不是 Craigslist 或 Gumtree
或雅虎提供的免費服務,
06:26
they're controlled by the state.
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而是由國家控制。
06:29
And the policymakers who sit on top of them
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而這些高層的政策制定者,
06:31
are, I suggest, simply not thinking about how those facilities could be used
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我在猜,並沒有思考過如何善用這些設施
06:38
to underpin a whole new era of markets.
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來鞏固這一代截然不同的市場。
06:40
Like everyone else, those policymakers are taking it for granted
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這些政策制定者認為,
他們那有力的機關
06:45
that modern markets are the preserve
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將現代市場視為己物是理所當然的事,
06:47
of organizations powerful enough to create them for themselves.
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不須外力介入,就能獨自創造這些市場。
06:55
Suppose we stopped taking that for granted.
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假設我們不再視其為理所當然。
06:59
Suppose tomorrow morning the prime minister of Britain or the president of the U.S.,
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假設明天早上英國首相或美國總統,
07:02
or the leader of any other developed nation,
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或其他任何一個已開發國家的領導人,
07:04
woke up and said, "I'm never going to be able to create
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起床後說:"我永遠創造不出
07:08
all the jobs I need in the current climate.
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目前這種景氣所需的工作機會。
07:10
I have got to focus on whatever economic opportunity I can get to my citizens.
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我必須專心為我的選民
留意任何經濟機會。
07:15
And for that they have to be able to access state-of-the-art markets.
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為此,他們必須有接觸
這些先進市場的管道。
07:19
How do I make that happen?"
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我該怎麼做?"
07:22
And I think I can see a few eyes rolling.
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我想我看到幾個人在思考了。
07:25
Politicians in a big, complex, sophisticated I.T. project?
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找幾個政客負責一個
龐大、複雜、精緻的 I.T.專案嗎?
07:28
Oh, that's going to be a disaster waiting to happen.
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那會是一場伺機而動的災難。
07:32
Not necessarily.
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其實未必。
07:35
There is a precedent for technology-enabled service
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這裡有個科技輔助服務的先例,
07:38
that has been initiated by politicians in multiple countries
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由好幾個國家的政治家都推動過,
07:41
and has been hugely successful:
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結果極為成功:
07:44
national lotteries.
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國家彩票。
07:47
Let's take Britain as an example.
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我們以英國為例。
07:48
Our government didn't design the national lottery,
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國家彩票不是我們的政府設計的,
07:51
it didn't fund the national lottery, it doesn't operate the national lottery.
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我們的政府沒有挹注國家彩票,也沒有經營國家彩票。
07:54
It simply passed the National Lottery Act and this is what followed.
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我們只是通過國家彩票法,
接下來就變成這樣。
07:59
This act defines what a national lottery will look like.
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這個法案規定了國家彩票的模式。
08:02
It specifies certain benefits
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法案明訂,政府有權決定
08:04
that the state can uniquely bestow on the operators.
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將某部分的盈餘分配給經營者,
08:07
And it puts some obligations on those operators.
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因此這些營運者必須尊行某些義務。
08:09
In terms of spreading gambling activity to the masses,
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若是以推廣全民賭博活動來說,
08:13
this was an unqualified success.
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這是無庸置疑的成功。
08:16
But let's suppose that our aim
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但是,如果假設我們的目標,
08:17
is to bring new economic activity to the base of the pyramid.
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是讓新的經濟動力投入金字塔的底部族群。
08:21
Could we use the same model?
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我們能使用相同模式嗎?
08:23
I believe we could.
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我認為可以。
08:25
So imagine that policymakers outlined a facility.
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想像一下,這些政策制定者提出了一個草案。
08:29
Let's call it national e-markets, NEMs for short.
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讓我們稱之為全國電子市場,簡稱 NEMs。
08:33
Think of it as a regulated public utility.
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把它當做一種受管制的公共事業,
08:35
So it's on a par with the water supply or the road network.
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所以和自來水供應
或交通網路是一樣的。
08:38
And it's a series of markets for low-level trade
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那是一系列的低階交易市場,
08:42
that can be fulfilled by a person or a small company.
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個人或小型公司就能進行交易。
08:45
And government has certain benefits
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政府擁有特定比例的營收,
08:48
it can uniquely bestow on these markets.
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能當做津貼,專門補助這些市場。
08:50
It's about public spending going through these markets
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藉由這些市場,公共支出的資金
08:53
to buy public services at the local level.
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能購買地區性的公共服務。
08:56
It's about interfacing these markets
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這是一種介面,將這些市場
08:57
direct into the highest official channels in the land.
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直接連結到全國最高層的官方管道。
09:01
It's about enshrining government's role as a publicist for these markets.
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這樣是把政府扮演的
市場公關角色奉為神明。
09:04
It's about deregulating some sectors
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解除某些法令限制,
09:07
so that local people can enter them.
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讓當地人民得以參與其中。
09:09
So, taxi journeys might be one example.
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計程車遊覽就是個例子。
09:11
And there are certain obligations that should go with those benefits
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這些經營者要享受特定福利,
09:16
to be placed on the operators,
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就要遵從特定義務,
09:17
and the key one is, of course,
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首要關鍵,當然是
09:19
that the operators pay for everything,
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經營者支付一切開銷,
09:22
including all the interfacing into the public sector.
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包括所有連結公共部門的介面。
09:25
So imagine that the operators make their return
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想像一下,經營者將加價率
09:28
by building a percentage markup into each transaction.
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加入每筆交易中,藉此賺取利潤。
09:31
Imagine that there's a concession period
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想像一下,這是專營期,
09:34
defined of maybe 15 years
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期限算是 15 年好了
09:36
in which they can take all these benefits and run with them.
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這段期間他們可以
拿走所有利潤並以此投入營運。
09:41
And imagine that the consortia who bid to run it are told,
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想像一下,有人告訴那些
想要經營這種市場的財團,
09:44
whoever comes in at the lowest percentage markup on each transaction
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只要有誰能以最低加價率的交易來
09:48
to fund the whole thing
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提供整個體系的資金,
09:49
will get the deal.
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就能拿到生意。
09:51
So government then exits the frame.
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然後政府會功成身退。
09:52
This is now in the hands of the consortium.
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現在這是在財團的手中。
09:54
Either they are going to unlock an awful lot of economic opportunity
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要嘛他們就釋出驚人數量的經濟機會,
09:57
and make a percentage on all of it
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從中賺取百分之一的利潤,
09:59
or it's all going to crash and burn,
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否則一切將會崩潰殆盡,
10:00
which is tough on their shareholders.
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他們的股東不會接受這點的。
10:02
It doesn't bother the taxpayer necessarily.
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這件事未必會困擾納稅人。
10:04
And there would be no constraints on alternative markets.
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而其他的替代市場也不會有限制。
10:09
So this would just be one more choice
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所以,數以百萬的網路論壇中
10:11
among millions of Internet forums.
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就多了一個選擇。
10:14
But it could be very different,
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但結果可能截然不同,
10:17
because having access to those state-backed facilities
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因為有機會利用國家支援的這些工具,
10:20
could incentivize this consortium
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財團也受到鼓舞
10:23
to seriously invest in the service.
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而認真地投資該項服務。
10:25
Because they would have to get a lot of these small transactions going
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因為他們要讓很多這樣子的小型交易進行,
10:28
to start making their return.
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才能開始賺取利潤。
10:30
So we're talking about sectors like home hair care,
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所以我們說的是家庭理髮、
10:35
the hire of toys, farm work,
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玩具出租、 農場工作、
10:38
hire of clothes even, meals delivered to your door,
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衣服出租,甚至是飯菜外送到府這種行業,
10:42
services for tourists, home care.
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遊客服務,家庭照護。
10:44
This would be a world of very small trades, but very well-informed,
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這是個小型行業當道的世界,而且消息非常流通,
10:51
because national e-markets will deliver data.
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因為國家電子市場會提供資料。
10:55
So this is a local person
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這是位本地人,
10:57
potentially deciding whether to enter the babysitting market.
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正在考慮要不要投身保姆市場。
11:00
And they might be aware that they would have to fund vetting and training
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他知道自己若要進入市場,
11:03
if they wanted to go into that market.
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可能需要投入審查和訓練的資金。
11:04
They'd have to do assessment interviews with local parents
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他可能會拜訪當地的父母進行評估,
11:07
who wanted a pool of babysitters.
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有想願意加入保姆行列。
11:09
Is it worth their while?
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這值得他們花時間嗎?
11:10
Should they be looking at other sectors?
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他們應該找其他行業嗎?
11:12
Should they be moving to another part of the country
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他們應該搬到國內其他
11:14
where there's a shortage of babysitters?
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保姆短缺的地方嗎?
11:16
This kind of data can become routine.
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提供這種資料可以成為例行程序。
11:18
And this data can be used by investors.
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這種資料可以讓投資者使用。
11:20
So if there's a problem with a shortage of babysitters in some parts of the country
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所以如果國內某處有保姆短缺,
11:23
and the problem is nobody can afford the vetting and training,
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但問題是沒人負擔得起
審查和培訓所需的費用,
11:26
an investor can pay for it
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這可以由投資者支付,
11:28
and the system will tithe back the enhanced earnings of the individuals
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而這個機制會將十分之一
回饋給收入越來越高的個人,
11:31
for maybe the next two years.
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也許能持續兩年。
11:33
This is a world of atomized capitalism.
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這是個原子化的資本主義世界。
11:36
So it's small trades by small people,
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所以少數人做小型生意,
11:38
but it's very informed, safe, convenient, low-overhead and immediate.
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而這是非常明智、 安全、
方便、 低成本和直接的做法。
11:45
Some rough research suggests this could unlock
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某些研究的初步結果表示,
這種新經濟活動
11:48
around 100 million pounds' worth a day of new economic activity
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每天可以創造的產值大約一億英鎊,
11:52
in a country the size of the U.K.
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在英國這種規模的國家。
11:54
Does that sound improbable to you?
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你們覺得不大可能嗎?
11:57
That's what a lot of people said about turbo trading
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20 年前,很多人對
金融交易所的渦輪增壓交易
12:01
in financial exchanges 20 years ago.
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也有這種看法。
12:04
Do not underestimate the transformative power
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不要低估真正的現代市場的
12:07
of truly modern markets.
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變革力量。
12:11
Thank you.
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謝謝大家。
12:12
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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