The Rise of Personal Robots | Cynthia Breazeal | TED Talks

譯者: Luyao Chen 審譯者: Jenny Yang

Ever since I was a little girl

從我還是一個小女孩

seeing "Star Wars" for the first time,

第一次觀看星球大戰開始，

I've been fascinated by this idea

我就被個人機器人

of personal robots.

這個概念所吸引。

And as a little girl,

當我是小女孩時，

I loved the idea of a robot that interacted with us

我就愛這主意-機器人可以與我們互動

much more like a helpful, trusted sidekick --

就像我們身邊有益值得信賴的助手，

something that would delight us, enrich our lives

能逗樂我們，豐富我們的生活

and help us save a galaxy or two.

還能助我們拯救一兩個星系。

I knew robots like that didn't really exist,

所以當那時我知道這樣的機器人還不存在時，

but I knew I wanted to build them.

我就知道-我想要建造它們。

So 20 years pass --

20年過去了，

I am now a graduate student at MIT

我進入麻省理工學院的研究院

studying artificial intelligence,

學習人工智能，

the year is 1997,

那一年是1997年，

and NASA has just landed the first robot on Mars.

NASA剛剛登陸了第一個在火星的機器人。

But robots are still not in our home, ironically.

但是，諷刺的是，機器人仍然不在我們的家中。

And I remember thinking about

我還記得考慮過所有

all the reasons why that was the case.

爲什麽如此的原因。

But one really struck me.

其中一個原因特別使我震驚。

Robotics had really been about interacting with things,

機器人技術一度就是關於如何和實物互動，

not with people --

而不是與人類-

certainly not in a social way that would be natural for us

尤其不可能以一種對我們而言自然的社交方式

and would really help people accept robots

幫助我們真正接受機器人

into our daily lives.

進入我們的日常生活。

For me, that was the white space; that's what robots could not do yet.

對我而言，那就是空缺-那就是機器人尚且不能做的。

And so that year, I started to build this robot, Kismet,

所以那一年，我開始建造機器人Kismet,

the world's first social robot.

世界上第一個社交型機器人。

Three years later --

三年后-

a lot of programming,

許多的編程，

working with other graduate students in the lab --

和與其他博士生在實驗室的一同工作后-

Kismet was ready to start interacting with people.

Kismet 開始能夠和他人互動。

(Video) Scientist: I want to show you something.

(錄像）科學家：我要給你看一個東西。

Kismet: (Nonsense)

Kismet：

Scientist: This is a watch that my girlfriend gave me.

科學家：這是我女友給我的手錶

Kismet: (Nonsense)

Kismet：

Scientist: Yeah, look, it's got a little blue light in it too.

科學家：看，它這還有個小藍燈在裏面。

I almost lost it this week.

這周我差點丟了它。

Cynthia Breazeal: So Kismet interacted with people

辛西婭：所以Kismet和人們交流

like kind of a non-verbal child or pre-verbal child,

有點像一個不會說話或說話前的孩童，

which I assume was fitting because it was really the first of its kind.

我認為這很合適，因為Kismet正是第一個這類機器人。

It didn't speak language, but it didn't matter.

它不能說話，但這無所謂。

This little robot was somehow able

這個小機器人不知怎麼地，能夠

to tap into something deeply social within us --

深深觸動我們內心的交際性。

and with that, the promise of an entirely new way

於是，這預示了一種我們能與機器人

we could interact with robots.

交流的全新方式。

So over the past several years

所以在過去的這些年中，

I've been continuing to explore this interpersonal dimension of robots,

我繼續探索著機器人的人際交流方向，

now at the media lab

現在在麻省理工學院媒體實驗室

with my own team of incredibly talented students.

我建立一個團隊，由許多無比天才的學生組成。

And one of my favorite robots is Leonardo.

我最喜歡的機器人之一是里納多(Leonardo).

We developed Leonardo in collaboration with Stan Winston Studio.

我們與Stan Winston工作室合作研發了里納多。

And so I want to show you a special moment for me of Leo.

現在我想向你們展示一個對我和里納多特別的時刻。

This is Matt Berlin interacting with Leo,

這是Matt Berlin 和里納多的互動，

introducing Leo to a new object.

給里納多介紹一種新事物。

And because it's new, Leo doesn't really know what to make of it.

因為是新事物，里納多並不知道對此該怎麼做。

But sort of like us, he can actually learn about it

但有點像我們，他可以通過觀察

from watching Matt's reaction.

Matt的反應來學習。

(Video) Matt Berlin: Hello, Leo.

(錄像）Matt Berlin：你好，里納多。

Leo, this is Cookie Monster.

里納多，這是餅乾怪獸。

Can you find Cookie Monster?

你能找到餅乾怪獸嗎？

Leo, Cookie Monster is very bad.

里納多，餅乾怪獸非常壞。

He's very bad, Leo.

他非常壞，里納多。

Cookie Monster is very, very bad.

餅乾怪獸非常非常壞。

He's a scary monster.

他是一個可怕的怪獸。

He wants to get your cookies.

他想搶走你的餅乾。

(Laughter)

(笑聲）

CB: All right, so Leo and Cookie

CB: 好，所以里納多和餅乾

might have gotten off to a little bit of a rough start,

交往的開始有點艱難

but they get along great now.

但他們現在相處的很好。

So what I've learned

所以從建造這些系統

through building these systems

我學到

is that robots are actually

機器人事實上是

a really intriguing social technology,

一種有趣的社會科技。

where it's actually their ability

機器人有能力

to push our social buttons

觸動我們的交際按鈕

and to interact with us like a partner

像我們的夥伴一樣與我們交流

that is a core part of their functionality.

這是他們功能的核心。

And with that shift in thinking, we can now start to imagine

有了這種思考上的變化，我們現在可以開始想像

new questions, new possibilities for robots

對於機器人我們不曾想過的

that we might not have thought about otherwise.

新問題和新的可能性。

But what do I mean when I say "push our social buttons?"

但什麽是我所說的"觸動我們的交際按鈕"呢？

Well, one of the things that we've learned

我們學到的一樣東西是

is that, if we design these robots to communicate with us

當我們設計這些機器人用同樣的

using the same body language,

身體語言與我們交流，

the same sort of non-verbal cues that people use --

既人們所用的同一種非言語暗示-

like Nexi, our humanoid robot, is doing here --

像Nexi,我們的類人機器人在這裡所作的-

what we find is that people respond to robots

我們發現，我們回應機器人

a lot like they respond to people.

十分類似于我們回應他人。

People use these cues to determine things like how persuasive someone is,

人們通過這些非言語暗示來確定一個人多有說服力，

how likable, how engaging,

多討人喜歡，多迷人，

how trustworthy.

多值得信賴。

It turns out it's the same for robots.

而原來，對於機器人也同樣如此，

It's turning out now

結果是現在

that robots are actually becoming a really interesting new scientific tool

機器人正在成為一種用來理解人類行為的

to understand human behavior.

有趣的科學工具。

To answer questions like, how is it that, from a brief encounter,

從一次簡短的相見，我們是怎麼能夠

we're able to make an estimate of how trustworthy another person is?

判斷另一個人有多值得信任的呢？

Mimicry's believed to play a role, but how?

模仿被認為是因素之一，但究竟如何呢？

Is it the mimicking of particular gestures that matters?

是不是模仿一種特定的姿勢有影響？

It turns out it's really hard

結果發現想要從觀察他人中

to learn this or understand this from watching people

學習和理解這非常困難

because when we interact we do all of these cues automatically.

因為當我們與人交流時，一切暗示信號都自然發生

We can't carefully control them because they're subconscious for us.

我們不能仔細控制它們，因為它們是潛意識的

But with the robot, you can.

但是對於機器人你可以。

And so in this video here --

所以這有個視頻 --

this is a video taken from David DeSteno's lab at Northeastern University.

這是一個在西北大學David DeSteno的實驗室錄製的視頻

He's a psychologist we've been collaborating with.

David 是一個我們合作的心理學家。

There's actually a scientist carefully controlling Nexi's cues

有科學家在仔細控制著Nexi的肢體暗示信號

to be able to study this question.

來能研究這個問題。

And the bottom line is -- the reason why this works is

所以底線是-爲什麽這樣有效的原因是-

because it turns out people just behave like people

因為人們即使在和機器人互動時，

even when interacting with a robot.

表現的和平時也一樣。

So given that key insight,

所以有了這個關鍵的理解，

we can now start to imagine

我們現在可以想像

new kinds of applications for robots.

新種類的機器人應用。

For instance, if robots do respond to our non-verbal cues,

比如，如果機器人可以回應我們的非言語信號，

maybe they would be a cool, new communication technology.

那麼它們可以用在新型超酷的傳媒科技上。

So imagine this:

所以想像：

What about a robot accessory for your cellphone?

設計一個機器人手機配件如何？

You call your friend, she puts her handset in a robot,

你給朋友打電話，她把聽筒放在機器人里，

and, bam! You're a MeBot --

哇哦，你變成了一個自我機器人--

you can make eye contact, you can talk with your friends,

你們可以眼神交流，你可以和朋友說話，

you can move around, you can gesture --

你可以走動，你可以做手勢--

maybe the next best thing to really being there, or is it?

這可能就是下一個真正會發生的了不起的事，不是嗎？

To explore this question,

來探索這個問題

my student, Siggy Adalgeirsson, did a study

我的學生，Siggy Adalgeirsson，做了一項研究

where we brought human participants, people, into our lab

我們召集了參與者-人

to do a collaborative task

來我們的實驗室，與一個遠程合作者

with a remote collaborator.

一同完成一個合作任務。

The task involved things

任務包括

like looking at a set of objects on the table,

像看桌子上放置的一系列東西，

discussing them in terms of their importance and relevance to performing a certain task --

然后討論這些東西對於完成一個特定任務-最終是一個生存任務-

this ended up being a survival task --

的相關性和重要性

and then rating them in terms

然後根據他們認為這樣東西多有價值

of how valuable and important they thought they were.

多重要來打分。

The remote collaborator was an experimenter from our group

遠程合作者是一個來自我們組的實驗人員

who used one of three different technologies

他們使用三種不同的科技手段

to interact with the participants.

來和參與者交流。

The first was just the screen.

第一種是屏幕，

This is just like video conferencing today.

就像如今的視屏會議一樣。

The next was to add mobility -- so, have the screen on a mobile base.

第二種我們加入了移動性，一個會移動的屏幕

This is like, if you're familiar with any of the telepresence robots today --

就像，如果你熟悉的話，現在存在的任何遠程呈現機器人一樣--

this is mirroring that situation.

這反應了那種情況。

And then the fully expressive MeBot.

下一類就是有完全表達性的自我機器人。

So after the interaction,

所以在交流后，

we asked people to rate their quality of interaction

我們讓參與者給他們與遠程合作者

with the technology, with a remote collaborator

交流所使用的科技手段

through this technology, in a number of different ways.

在不同方面打分。

We looked at psychological involvement --

我們考慮了心理的投入度--

how much empathy did you feel for the other person?

多設身處地他們為另一個人（遠程合作者）考慮？

We looked at overall engagement.

我們看了整體的參與度。

We looked at their desire to cooperate.

我們考慮了他們合作的慾望度。

And this is what we see when they use just the screen.

這是他們只使用屏幕的結果。

It turns out, when you add mobility -- the ability to roll around the table --

如果你加入移動性-在桌子上轉動的能力-

you get a little more of a boost.

你能得到一點提高

And you get even more of a boost when you add the full expression.

但如果加入完全的表達，你得到更多的提高

So it seems like this physical, social embodiment

所以看上去實體的交流化身

actually really makes a difference.

能起重要的作用。

Now let's try to put this into a little bit of context.

現在把這個放入大一點的社會環境。

Today we know that families are living further and further apart,

我們知道如今家族之間住得越來越遠，

and that definitely takes a toll on family relationships

這距離確實給我們的家庭關係

and family bonds over distance.

和家庭聯結打了折扣。

For me, I have three young boys,

對我而言，我有三個小兒子

and I want them to have a really good relationship

我想讓他們和他們的爺爺奶奶

with their grandparents.

有真正好的關係。

But my parents live thousands of miles away,

但是我父母住的遠隔千里

so they just don't get to see each other that often.

所以他們并不能那麼經常見到彼此。

We try Skype, we try phone calls,

我們試過電話，Skype(網路視頻電話)，

but my boys are little -- they don't really want to talk;

但是我的孩子還小-他們並不想說話

they want to play.

他們想玩。

So I love the idea of thinking about robots

他們會喜歡這個機器人成為

as a new kind of distance-play technology.

一種遠程遊戲科技的概念。

I imagine a time not too far from now --

所以我想像不遠的將來--

my mom can go to her computer,

我的媽媽可以到她的電腦前，

open up a browser and jack into a little robot.

打開瀏覽器，化身為一個小機器人。

And as grandma-bot,

作為奶奶機器人

she can now play, really play,

她可以真正

with my sons, with her grandsons,

和我的兒子她孫子一起玩

in the real world with his real toys.

在真實的世界和他們真正的玩具一起玩

I could imagine grandmothers being able to do social-plays

我可以想像祖母們和他們的孫子孫女

with their granddaughters, with their friends,

朋友，一起社交遊戲

and to be able to share all kinds of other activities around the house,

一起分享在屋子里各種各樣的活動，

like sharing a bedtime story.

比如，分享床頭故事

And through this technology,

通過這種科技

being able to be an active participant

他們能夠以成為他們

in their grandchildren's lives

孫子孫女生活中的活躍的一部份

in a way that's not possible today.

而這在今日尚不可能。

Let's think about some other domains,

讓我們再考慮一下其他方面，

like maybe health.

比如健康醫療。

So in the United States today,

在今日的美國

over 65 percent of people are either overweight or obese,

超過百分之65的人超重，肥胖

and now it's a big problem with our children as well.

這也正成為我們孩子中的大問題。

And we know that as you get older in life,

我們知道當你漸漸變老時，

if you're obese when you're younger, that can lead to chronic diseases

如果你早年肥胖的話，可能會導致愈多慢性病

that not only reduce your quality of life,

這不僅降低我們生活的質量，

but are a tremendous economic burden on our health care system.

也正成為我們醫療系統的重大經濟負擔。

But if robots can be engaging,

所以如果機器人可以是有趣的，

if we like to cooperate with robots,

如果我們喜歡和機器人合作，

if robots are persuasive,

同時機器人是有說服力的，

maybe a robot can help you

那麼也許機器人可以幫助你

maintain a diet and exercise program,

保持你的健康飲食和鍛煉計劃，

maybe they can help you manage your weight.

也許他們能幫你控制你的體重。

Sort of like a digital Jiminy --

這有點像那個有名童話故事中的

as in the well-known fairy tale --

電子吉米尼，

a kind of friendly, supportive presence that's always there

機器人作為一種友好支持的存在

to be able to help you make the right decision

總能在那裡幫你做出正確抉擇

in the right way at the right time

以合適的方式，在合適的時間

to help you form healthy habits.

幫你養成健康的習慣。

So we actually explored this idea in our lab.

我們事實上已經探索了這個主意。

This is a robot, Autom.

這是一個機器人，叫Autom.

Cory Kidd developed this robot for his doctoral work.

Cory Kidd為他的博士論文發明了這個機器人。

And it was designed to be a robot diet-and-exercise coach.

它被設計為一個機器人健康飲食鍛煉教練。

It had a couple of simple non-verbal skills it could do.

它有一些簡單的非語言技巧。

It could make eye contact with you.

它可以與你眼神交流

It could share information looking down at a screen.

它可以低頭看屏幕與你分享信息。

You'd use a screen interface to enter information,

你將用一個屏幕介面輸入信息，

like how many calories you ate that day,

像你今天吃了多少卡路里

how much exercise you got.

運動了多少

And then it could help track that for you.

它就能追蹤記錄那些

And the robot spoke with a synthetic voice

同時機器人可以用它人造的合成聲音

to engage you in a coaching dialogue

與你進行指導對話。

modeled after trainers

這對話模擬真實的

and patients and so forth.

訓練者與病人的交流。

And it would build a working alliance with you

所以通過對話，它可以與你形成

through that dialogue.

一種工作同盟。

It could help you set goals and track your progress,

它幫你建立目標，記錄你的進展，

and it would help motivate you.

鼓勵你。

So an interesting question is,

所以一個有趣的問題是

does the social embodiment really matter? Does it matter that it's a robot?

這種實體化的交流化身真那麼不同嗎？機器人真有影響嗎？

Is it really just the quality of advice and information that matters?

還是只是建議和信息的質量有影響？

To explore that question,

來解決這個問題，

we did a study in the Boston area

我們在波斯頓做了一項研究

where we put one of three interventions in people's homes

在幾周的時間里，我們把三種介入方式的一種

for a period of several weeks.

放入人們的家中。

One case was the robot you saw there, Autom.

一種是你看過的機器人，Autom.

Another was a computer that ran the same touch-screen interface,

一種是一個有同樣觸目屏介面

ran exactly the same dialogues.

會運行同樣對話的電腦。

The quality of advice was identical.

建議的質量也完全相同。

And the third was just a pen and paper log,

第三種只是筆和紙日誌，

because that's the standard intervention you typically get

因為這是你傳統上開始一項

when you start a diet-and-exercise program.

飲食鍛煉計劃典型的介入方式。

So one of the things we really wanted to look at

我們特別關注的

was not how much weight people lost,

不是人們減少了多少體重

but really how long they interacted with the robot.

而是他們與機器人能維持交流多久。

Because the challenge is not losing weight, it's actually keeping it off.

因為挑戰不是減去重量，而是保持重量下降

And the longer you could interact with one of these interventions,

所以你能越長時間與這些介入方式互動，

well that's indicative, potentially, of longer-term success.

預示著越可能得到長久的成功。

So the first thing I want to look at is how long,

所以我看的第一件事就是

how long did people interact with these systems.

人們能與這些這三種系統互動多久。

It turns out that people interacted with the robot

結果是人們與機器人的互動

significantly more,

明顯的更多

even though the quality of the advice was identical to the computer.

即使電腦提供完全相同質量的建議。

When it asked people to rate it on terms of the quality of the working alliance,

當人們被要求根據工作同盟的質量打分

people rated the robot higher

人們給機器人更高分，

and they trusted the robot more.

他們更信任機器人。

(Laughter)

(笑聲）

And when you look at emotional engagement,

當你看情感上的投入，

it was completely different.

結果更是大不相同。

People would name the robots.

人們給機器人命名

They would dress the robots.

給機器人著裝。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And even when we would come up to pick up the robots at the end of the study,

甚至當最後我們在研究結束后取回機器人時，

they would come out to the car and say good-bye to the robots.

他們從汽車裡走出，給機器人再見。

They didn't do this with a computer.

他們不會對電腦做這些。

The last thing I want to talk about today

最後我想討論的是

is the future of children's media.

兒童媒體的未來。

We know that kids spend a lot of time behind screens today,

我們知道如今孩子們花許多時間在屏幕前，

whether it's television or computer games or whatnot.

無論是電視，電腦遊戲們還是其它

My sons, they love the screen. They love the screen.

我的兒子們也喜歡屏幕。他們喜歡屏幕，

But I want them to play; as a mom, I want them to play,

但我想讓他們玩，作為一個母親，我想讓他們玩

like, real-world play.

在真實世界里玩。

And so I have a new project in my group I wanted to present to you today

所以我想向你們展示一個我小組的新項目

called Playtime Computing

叫做遊戲時間計算技術。

that's really trying to think about how we can take

這技術想要把

what's so engaging about digital media

電子媒體中最有趣吸引的東西

and literally bring it off the screen

真實地帶出屏幕

into the real world of the child,

來到孩子們真實的世界，

where it can take on many of the properties of real-world play.

擁有現實中遊戲的許多性質。

So here's the first exploration of this idea,

所以這是這種理念的第一個探索-

where characters can be physical or virtual,

遊戲角色可以是實體的和虛擬的，

and where the digital content

其中，電子的內容

can literally come off the screen

能走出屏幕

into the world and back.

進入現實然後回去。

I like to think of this

我喜歡把這想像成

as the Atari Pong

這種虛擬現實遊戲的

of this blended-reality play.

Atari Pong(“乓”，第一台街機遊戲機）。

But we can push this idea further.

但是我們可以深入這種理念。

What if --

如果-

(Game) Nathan: Here it comes. Yay!

(遊戲)内森：它來了，Yay！

CB: -- the character itself could come into your world?

卡通人物本身能進入你的世界？

It turns out that kids love it

結果是孩子們很喜歡

when the character becomes real and enters into their world.

卡通能變得真實，進入他們的世界

And when it's in their world,

當這卡通形象在他們的世界時，

they can relate to it and play with it in a way

他們可以與它建立聯繫，用一種與他們在屏幕里玩

that's fundamentally different from how they play with it on the screen.

完全不同的方式，在現實里與它玩。

Another important idea is this notion

另一個重要的概念是卡通形象穿越

of persistence of character across realities.

現實的一致性。

So changes that children make in the real world

所以孩子們在現實中做的變化

need to translate to the virtual world.

也需要進入虛擬世界。

So here, Nathan has changed the letter A to the number 2.

所以這裡，内森把字母A改成了數字2.

You can imagine maybe these symbols

你可惜想像這些是信號標誌

give the characters special powers when it goes into the virtual world.

可以給卡通人物特別的能力當他們重返虛擬世界。

So they are now sending the character back into that world.

所以他們把卡通人物送回了那個世界，

And now it's got number power.

現在它有了數字能力。

And then finally, what I've been trying to do here

最後，我一直想做的是

is create a really immersive experience for kids,

為孩子們創造一種真正沉浸其中的體驗，

where they really feel like they are part of that story,

他們能感到他們是故事中的一部份，

a part of that experience.

是那經歷中的一部份。

And I really want to spark their imaginations

我想激發他們的想像力

the way mine was sparked as a little girl watching "Star Wars."

正如我小女孩時觀看星球大戰被啓發那樣。

But I want to do more than that.

但我想做的更多。

I actually want them to create those experiences.

我想讓他們能創造那些經歷。

I want them to be able to literally build their imagination

我想讓他們確實地能在那些經歷里

into these experiences and make them their own.

建立他們的想像力，使那些經歷成為他們自己的。

So we've been exploring a lot of ideas

所以我們在遠程呈現和混合現實領域

in telepresence and mixed reality

探索了許多理念

to literally allow kids to project their ideas into this space

能夠允許孩子把他們的想法投射在這個空間，

where other kids can interact with them

在那里，其他孩子可以與之互動，

and build upon them.

進一步發揮想像。

I really want to come up with new ways of children's media

我想找到孩童媒體的新方向

that foster creativity and learning and innovation.

能培養創造力，學習能力，和創新能力。

I think that's very, very important.

我認為這非常非常重要。

So this is a new project.

所以這是一個新項目。

We've invited a lot of kids into this space,

我們邀請了許多孩子進這個空間，

and they think it's pretty cool.

他們認為那非常酷。

But I can tell you, the thing that they love the most

但我可以告訴你們，他們最喜歡的東西，

is the robot.

還是機器人。

What they care about is the robot.

他們最在乎的也是機器人。

Robots touch something deeply human within us.

機器人觸動了我們內心深處的人性。

And so whether they're helping us

所以無論機器人是幫助我們

to become creative and innovative,

變得更有創造力，

or whether they're helping us

還是幫助我們

to feel more deeply connected despite distance,

彼此跨越距離，更加聯結，

or whether they are our trusted sidekick

還是它們是我們可信賴的好幫手

who's helping us attain our personal goals

幫我們實現我們的個人目標，

in becoming our highest and best selves,

實現更高更好的自我，

for me, robots are all about people.

對我而言，機器人完全關乎人類。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

(掌聲)