請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。
00:00
Translator: Crawford Hunt
Reviewer: Brian Greene
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譯者: Lu Sun
審譯者: Helen Chang
00:12
How many of you have used
an electronic spreadsheet,
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你們當中有多少人用過試算表,
00:15
like Microsoft Excel?
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例如微軟的 Excel?
00:18
Very good.
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非常好。
00:19
Now, how many of you have run a business
with a spreadsheet by hand,
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你們當中有多少人經營生意
用的是手寫的試算表,
00:24
like my dad did for his small
printing business in Philadelphia?
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像我父親在費城的
小型印刷生意那樣呢?
00:28
A lot less.
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少了很多。
00:29
Well, that's the way it was done
for hundreds of years.
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那是幾百年來的做法。
00:33
In early 1978,
I started working on an idea
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我在 1978 年初開始落實的想法
00:36
that eventually became VisiCalc.
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最終變成了 VisiCalc。
00:39
And the next year it shipped
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次年,它被裝在名為蘋果 II 的
00:41
running on something new
called an Apple II personal computer.
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新個人電腦上運作。
00:45
You could tell that things
had really changed when, six years later,
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真正的變化能被明顯地看到
是六年後華爾街日報發表的社論。
00:49
the Wall Street Journal ran an editorial
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00:51
that assumed you knew what VisiCalc was
and maybe even were using it.
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假設你知道什麼是 VisiCalc
甚至還用過它。
00:55
Steve Jobs back in 1990
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賈伯斯在 1990 年重回蘋果電腦,
00:59
said that "spreadsheets
propelled the industry forward."
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宣稱:「試算表
推動計算機工業前進。」
01:02
"VisiCalc propelled the success of Apple
more than any other single event."
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「VisiCalc 比其他的
更推動了蘋果的成功。」
01:07
On a more personal note,
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在一個更為私人的筆記裡,
01:09
Steve said, "If VisiCalc had been written
for some other computer,
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賈伯斯說:「如果 VisiCalc
當初是寫給其他的電腦用的,
01:12
you'd be interviewing
somebody else right now."
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那你現在採訪的就是別人了。」
01:15
So, VisiCalc was instrumental in getting
personal computers on business desks.
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因此 VisiCalc 在商用個人電腦上
起了重要的作用。
01:21
How did it come about?
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它是怎麼來的呢?
01:23
What was it? What did I go through
to make it be what it was?
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它是什麼?我做了什麼
使它成為這個模樣呢?
01:27
Well, I first learned to program
back in 1966, when I was 15 --
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我在 1966 年 15 歲時
首次學寫程式,
01:33
just a couple months
after this photo was taken.
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就在拍這張照片的幾個月後。
01:36
Few high schoolers had access
to computers in those days.
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很少有高中生在當時接觸到電腦。
01:39
But through luck
and an awful lot of perseverance,
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但由於運氣和堅持不懈,
01:43
I was able to get
computer time around the city.
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我在市裡得到了使用電腦的時間。
01:46
After sleeping in the mud at Woodstock,
I went off to MIT to go to college,
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睡在胡士托音樂節的泥裡後,
我去麻省理工學院(MIT)上課,
01:51
where to make money,
I worked on the Multics Project.
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為 Multics 專案工作賺些錢。
01:55
Multics was a trailblazing
interactive time-sharing system.
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Multics 是個開創性的
交互式分時系統。
02:00
Have you heard of the Linux
and Unix operating systems?
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你聽過 Linux 和 Unix 操作系統嗎?
02:03
They came from Multics.
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它們來自 Multics。
02:05
I worked on the Multics versions
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我曾做過 Multics 版本的
02:07
of what are known
as interpreted computer languages,
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計算機編譯語言,
02:11
that are used by people
in noncomputer fields
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被非計算機領域的人
02:13
to do their calculations
while seated at a computer terminal.
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用在電腦終端機前進行計算。
02:17
After I graduated from MIT,
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我從 MIT 畢業之後
02:19
I went to work for
Digital Equipment Corporation.
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去迪吉多公司工作。
02:23
At DEC, I worked on software
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我在迪吉多負責開發軟體,
02:26
for the new area
of computerized typesetting.
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用於電腦排版的新領域。
02:29
I helped newspapers
replace their reporters' typewriters
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我幫新聞報紙的記者
用電腦取代打字機。
02:34
with computer terminals.
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02:35
I'd write software
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我寫軟體,
02:37
and then I'd go out in the field
to places like the Kansas City Star,
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然後去實地,像去
堪薩斯城市之星之類的地方,
02:40
where I would train users
and get feedback.
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我在那裡培訓使用者
並汲取他們的使用反饋。
02:43
This was real-world experience
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那是真實世界的經驗,
02:45
that is quite different
than what I saw in the lab at MIT.
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跟我在 MIT 實驗室裡的完全不同。
02:49
After that, I was project leader
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在那之後,我領導迪吉多的
首件文字處理軟體專案,
02:52
of the software for DEC's first
word processor, again a new field.
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又是一個新的領域。
02:57
Like with typesetting, the important thing
was crafting a user interface
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像排版一樣,重要的是製作用戶界面
03:03
that was both natural and efficient
for noncomputer people to use.
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讓非計算機領域的人
用起來自然而且有效率。
03:08
After I was at DEC, I went
to work for a small company
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在迪吉多之後
我去一家小公司工作。
03:12
that made microprocessor-based electronic
cash registers for the fast-food industry.
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他們為快餐業製作
以微處理器為基底的電子收銀機。
03:19
But I had always wanted to start
a company with my friend Bob Frankston
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但我一直想同朋友 Bob Frankston
一起創辦一家公司,
03:23
that I met on the Multics project at MIT.
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我們是在 MIT 的
Multics 專案認識的。
03:25
So I decided to go back to school to learn
as much as I could about business.
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所以,我決定回到學校
盡我所能學習更多的商業知識。
03:29
And in the fall of 1977,
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在 1977 年的秋天,
03:32
I entered the MBA program
at Harvard Business School.
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我進了哈佛商學院的 MBA 課程。
03:35
I was one of the few
percentage of students
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我是少數有寫計算機程式
背景學生之一。
03:38
who had a background
in computer programming.
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03:42
There's a picture of me from the yearbook
sitting in the front row.
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這張年鑑裡的照片的我坐在前排。
(笑聲)
03:45
(Laughter)
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03:46
Now, at Harvard,
we learned by the case method.
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在哈佛,我們透過案例來學習,
03:48
We'd do about three cases a day.
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一天大約做三個案例。
03:50
Cases consist of up to a few dozen pages
describing particular business situations.
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案例包括多達幾十頁
特定的商業情況描述,
03:57
They often have exhibits,
and exhibits often have words and numbers
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還經常陳列證物,
裡頭往往有文字和數字,
04:02
laid out in ways that make sense
for the particular situation.
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以一種對特定情況
有意義的方式寫出來。
04:05
They're usually all somewhat different.
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通常它們彼此間有些不同。
04:07
Here's my homework.
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這是我的家庭作業。
04:09
Again, numbers, words,
laid out in ways that made sense.
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再一次,數字、文字,
以一種有意義的方式排列。
04:12
Lots of calculations --
we got really close to our calculators.
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大量的計算──
我們真的離不開計算器。
04:16
In fact, here's my calculator.
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這其實是我的計算器。
04:20
For Halloween, I went
dressed up as a calculator.
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萬聖節時,我打扮成一個計算器。
04:23
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
04:25
At the beginning of each class,
the professor would call on somebody
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在每一節課的開始,
教授會叫個學生介紹案例,
04:29
to present the case.
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04:31
What they would do is
they would explain what was going on
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學生需要解釋是怎麼一回事,
04:33
and then dictate information
that the professor would transcribe
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然後聽抄教授口述和寫在
04:37
onto the many motorized blackboards
in the front of the class,
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教室前電動黑板上的那些數據,
04:40
and then we'd have a discussion.
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然後我們開始討論。
04:42
One of the really frustrating things
is when you've done all your homework,
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最讓人挫折的事之一
是當你完成了所有的作業,
04:46
you come in the next day
only to find out that you made an error
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第二天來到學校
卻發現你抄錯一個數字,
04:49
and all of the other numbers
you did were wrong.
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使得所有其他
算出來的數字全都錯了,
04:52
And you couldn't participate as well.
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你就無法參與討論。
04:54
And we were marked by class participation.
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而參與課堂的討論是要算分的。
04:57
So, sitting there with 87 other people
in the class, I got to daydream a lot.
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因此,和其他 87 人坐在教室裡時
我經常在做白日夢。
05:03
Most programmers in those days
worked on mainframes,
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當時大部分寫程式的人
致力於為大型計算機
05:07
building things like inventory systems,
payroll systems and bill-paying systems.
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建立庫存系統、薪資系統
和賬單支付系統。
05:13
But I had worked
on interactive word processing
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而我從事於互動文字處理
05:16
and on-demand personal computation.
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和按個人需求的計算。
05:18
Instead of thinking
about paper printouts and punch cards,
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我思考的不是
印表機印出的紙張或打孔卡,
05:22
I imagined a magic blackboard
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而是在想像一個神奇的黑板,
05:25
that if you erased one number
and wrote a new thing in,
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在黑板上你擦去一個數字,
寫一個新的進去,
05:29
all of the other numbers
would automatically change,
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所有其他的數字都會自動更新,
05:31
like word processing with numbers.
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就像是數字的處理。
05:34
I imagined that my calculator
had mouse hardware on the bottom of it
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我想像計算器的下方有個滑鼠硬體,
05:39
and a head-up display,
like in a fighter plane.
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和像在戰鬥機裡的平視顯示器。
05:42
And I could type some numbers in,
and circle it, and press the sum button.
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我能輸入一些數字,
圈起來,再按總和按鍵。
05:46
And right in the middle of a negotiation
I'd be able to get the answer.
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在協商討論中,我能立即得到答案。
05:50
Now I just had to take my fantasy
and turn it into reality.
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我只需把想像變成現實。
05:54
My father taught me about prototyping.
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我的父親教我設計原型。
05:57
He showed me mock-ups
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他向我展示為了弄清楚
05:59
that he'd make to figure out
the placement on the page
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正在印製的小冊子的最佳配置位置
06:02
for the things for brochures
that he was printing.
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而製作的原型。
06:05
And he'd use it
to get feedback from customers
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他會用它來獲得客戶的反饋和首肯,
06:08
and OKs before he sent the job
off to the presses.
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然後才把它交給印刷廠。
06:12
The act of making a simple, working
version of what you're trying to build
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為你嘗試構建的東西
做個簡單可用的版本,
06:17
forces you to uncover key problems.
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迫使你發現關鍵的問題,
06:20
And it lets you find solutions
to those problems much less expensively.
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讓你能找到較不昂貴的解決方案。
06:25
So I decided to build a prototype.
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因此,我決定製造一個原型。
06:28
I went to a video terminal connected to
Harvard's time-sharing system
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我用連接到哈佛的
分時系統的螢幕終端機,
06:33
and got to work.
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開始寫程式。
06:34
One of the first problems
that I ran into was:
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我最先碰到的問題之一是
06:38
How do you represent values in formulas?
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如何表示公式中的值?
06:41
Let me show you what I mean.
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讓我用展示來說明我的意思。
06:44
I thought that you would point somewhere,
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你大概會指向某處,
06:46
type in some words,
then type in some somewhere else,
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輸入一些字,
在其他地方再輸入一些字,
06:49
put in some numbers and some more numbers,
point where you want the answer.
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輸入一些數字,再一些數字,
點擊你想要顯示答案的地方。
06:53
And then point to the first, press minus,
point to the second,
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接著指向第一個,按「減去」,
指向第二個,
06:56
and get the result.
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得到答案。
06:58
The problem was:
What should I put in the formula?
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問題來了:我應該把什麼放在公式裡?
07:01
It had to be something
the computer knew what to put in.
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它必須是計算機認得的東西。
07:04
And if you looked at the formula,
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看著公式時
07:06
you needed to know
where on the screen it referred to.
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你需要知道它在螢幕上出現的位置。
07:09
The first thing I thought was
the programmer way of doing it.
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我首先想到程式師的方法。
07:12
The first time you pointed to somewhere,
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你第一次指著某處,
07:14
the computer would ask you
to type in a unique name.
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計算機要求你輸入一個
獨一無二的名字。
07:18
It became pretty clear pretty fast that
that was going to be too tedious.
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很快就變得相當清楚,這太繁瑣了。
07:22
The computer had to automatically
make up the name and put it inside.
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計算機應該要自動
編個名字和輸入它。
07:26
So I thought, why not make it be
the order in which you create them?
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所以我想,為什麽不順著
你創建它們的順序呢?
07:31
I tried that. Value 1, value 2.
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我試了試,值 1,值 2
07:34
Pretty quickly I saw
that if you had more than a few values
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很快我體認到,如果多幾個值,
07:36
you'd never remember
on the screen where things were.
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就絕對記不得螢幕上東西的位置。
然後我想,為什麽不讓值
能夠被輸入在任何地方,
07:39
Then I said, why not instead of
allowing you to put values anywhere,
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07:44
I'll restrict you to a grid?
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只要限制它被放在網格裡呢?
07:46
Then when you pointed to a cell,
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當你指向一個單元,
07:48
the computer could put
the row and column in as a name.
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計算機能用行和列作為單元的名稱。
07:52
And, if I did it like a map and put ABC
across the top and numbers along the side,
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如果我把它做成像一張地圖,
ABC 放在頂部,數字放在一側,
07:58
if you saw B7 in a formula,
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如果你看到一個公式裏的 B7,
08:01
you'd know exactly
where it was on the screen.
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你就知道它在螢幕上的確切位置。
08:04
And if you had to type the formula
in yourself, you'd know what to do.
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如果你需要自己輸入公式,
就會知道該怎麽做。
08:09
Restricting you to a grid
helped solve my problem.
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用網格不但解決了我的問題,
08:13
It also opened up new capabilities,
like the ability to have ranges of cells.
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還開啟新的性能,像是能用
範圍內的多個單元。
08:19
But it wasn't too restrictive --
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限制不算太緊,
08:20
you could still put any value,
any formula, in any cell.
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你仍可在任意單元格裡
輸入任何值、任何公式。
08:26
And that's the way we do it to this day,
almost 40 years later.
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這就是我們一直用到現在的方法,
差不多四十年過去了。
08:31
My friend Bob and I decided that we were
going to build this product together.
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我的朋友 Bob 和我
決定一起建造這個產品。
08:34
I did more work figuring out exactly
how the program was supposed to behave.
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我做了更多的研究
弄清楚程式應該怎麼做。
08:39
I wrote a reference card
to act as documentation.
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我寫了張參考卡作為文件檔。
08:42
It also helped me ensure
that the user interface I was defining
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它幫我確保所定義的用戶界面
08:47
could be explained concisely
and clearly to regular people.
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普通人能夠清楚明瞭。
08:51
Bob worked in the attic of the apartment
he rented in Arlington, Massachusetts.
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Bob 在他租的麻薩諸塞州
阿靈頓的公寓閣樓裡工作。
08:56
This is the inside of the attic.
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這是閣樓的裡面。
09:00
Bob bought time on the MIT Multics System
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Bob 付費取得 MIT Multics
系統的上機時間。
09:03
to write computer code
on a terminal like this.
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在像這樣的終端機上寫電腦程式。
09:06
And then he would download test versions
to a borrowed Apple II
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然後他下載測試版本
到借來的蘋果 II 上,
09:09
over a phone line
using an acoustic coupler,
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通過電話線和聲耦合器測試。
09:13
and then we would test.
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09:14
For one of these tests I prepared
for this case about the Pepsi Challenge.
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其中一個測試
我準備挑戰百事可樂的案例。
09:20
Print wasn't working yet,
so I had to copy everything down.
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當時還不能列印出來,
所以我不得不抄寫所有內容;
09:24
Save wasn't working,
so every time it crashed,
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還不能存檔,
所以每次當機我就得
一次又一次輸入所有的公式。
09:26
I had to type in all of the formulas
again, over and over again.
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09:30
The next day in class, I raised my hand;
I got called on, and I presented the case.
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第二天在教室裡,我舉手,
被叫起來介紹案例。
我做了五年的規劃,
涵蓋各式各樣的場景。
09:34
I did five-year projections.
I did all sorts of different scenarios.
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09:37
I aced the case.
VisiCalc was already useful.
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那案例我得到高分。
VisiCalc 已被證明有用。
09:42
The professor said, "How did you do it?"
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教授問:「你怎麼做到的?」
09:45
Well, I didn't want to tell him
about our secret program.
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我不想告訴他我們的秘密程式。
09:48
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
09:50
So I said, "I took this and added this
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所以我說:「我用這個加上這個
09:52
and multiplied by this
and subtracted that."
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然後乘以這個再減去這個。」
09:54
He said, "Well,
why didn't you use a ratio?"
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他說:「你為什麼不用比例?」
09:56
I said, "Hah! A ratio --
that wouldn't have been as exact!"
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我說:「哈!比例不夠準確。」
09:59
What I didn't say was,
"Divide isn't working yet."
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我沒說的是「除法還不能用」。
10:01
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
10:05
Eventually, though,
we did finish enough of VisiCalc
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最終,我們完成足夠的 VisiCalc
10:08
to be able to show it to the public.
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可以公眾於世。
10:11
My dad printed up a sample reference card
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我父親印出一張參考卡樣本,
10:13
that we could use as marketing material.
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我們用它做為市場營銷的材料。
10:16
In June of 1979, our publisher
announced VisiCalc to the world,
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我們的出版商在 1979 年六月
向世界宣布 VisiCal,
10:22
in a small booth at the giant National
Computer Conference in New York City.
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在紐約市巨型
全國計算機會議裡的一個小攤位。
10:26
The New York Times had
a humorous article about the conference.
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紐約時報有一篇
關於這次會議的幽默文章:
10:31
"The machines perform
what seem religious rites ...
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「機器表演宗教儀式…
10:33
Even as the believers gather,
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信徒們聚集在一起,
10:35
the painters in the Coliseum sign room
are adding to the pantheon,
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體育館標誌室的畫家正加入萬神殿
10:38
carefully lettering 'VISICALC'
in giant black on yellow.
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認真地用黃底巨型黑字
標明 VisiCalc。
10:41
All hail VISICALC!"
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所有人向 VisiCalc 致敬!」
10:43
(Gasp) New York Times:
"All hail VISICALC."
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(倒抽一口氣)紐約時報寫:
「所有人向 VisiCalc 致敬!」
10:47
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
10:48
That was the last mention
of the electronic spreadsheet
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那是大約兩年來流行商業媒體
10:52
in the popular business press
for about two years.
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最後一次提到電子表格。
10:56
Most people didn't get it yet.
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大部分的人還沒有用過,
10:59
But some did.
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但有些人用過。
11:00
In October of 1979, we shipped VisiCalc.
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我們在 1979 年十月
寄出 VisiCalc,
11:05
It came in packaging
that looked like this.
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包裝是這樣,
11:08
And it looked like this
running on the Apple II.
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在蘋果 II 中運行是這樣。
11:12
And the rest, as they say, is history.
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如他們所說,其餘的是歷史。
11:14
Now, there's an awful lot
more to this story,
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時至今日有更多關於它的故事,
11:16
but that'll have to wait for another day.
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且聽下回分解。
11:18
One thing, though, Harvard remembers.
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哈佛記得這件事。
11:21
Here's that classroom.
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這是那間教室。
11:23
They put up a plaque
to commemorate what happened there.
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他們張貼了一份牌匾
來紀念那裡發生的事。
11:27
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
但它也是個提醒,
11:36
But it also serves as a reminder
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11:39
that you, too, should take
your unique backgrounds, skills and needs
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提醒你也應該帶著你
獨一無二的經歷、技能和需求,
11:44
and build prototypes to discover
and work out the key problems,
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創建原型機,發掘並解決關鍵問題,
11:50
and through that, change the world.
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透過它來改變世界。
11:53
Thank you.
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謝謝。
11:54
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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