Meet the inventor of the electronic spreadsheet | Dan Bricklin

380,923 views ・ 2017-02-01

TED


請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。

00:00
Translator: Crawford Hunt Reviewer: Brian Greene
0
0
7000
譯者: Lu Sun 審譯者: Helen Chang
00:12
How many of you have used an electronic spreadsheet,
1
12760
2975
你們當中有多少人用過試算表,
00:15
like Microsoft Excel?
2
15760
1480
例如微軟的 Excel?
00:18
Very good.
3
18240
1256
非常好。
00:19
Now, how many of you have run a business with a spreadsheet by hand,
4
19520
4576
你們當中有多少人經營生意 用的是手寫的試算表,
00:24
like my dad did for his small printing business in Philadelphia?
5
24120
3080
像我父親在費城的 小型印刷生意那樣呢?
00:28
A lot less.
6
28160
1160
少了很多。
00:29
Well, that's the way it was done for hundreds of years.
7
29920
2600
那是幾百年來的做法。
00:33
In early 1978, I started working on an idea
8
33480
3016
我在 1978 年初開始落實的想法
00:36
that eventually became VisiCalc.
9
36520
2400
最終變成了 VisiCalc。
00:39
And the next year it shipped
10
39480
1656
次年,它被裝在名為蘋果 II 的
00:41
running on something new called an Apple II personal computer.
11
41160
3279
新個人電腦上運作。
00:45
You could tell that things had really changed when, six years later,
12
45240
4056
真正的變化能被明顯地看到
是六年後華爾街日報發表的社論。
00:49
the Wall Street Journal ran an editorial
13
49320
2176
00:51
that assumed you knew what VisiCalc was and maybe even were using it.
14
51520
3280
假設你知道什麼是 VisiCalc 甚至還用過它。
00:55
Steve Jobs back in 1990
15
55760
2960
賈伯斯在 1990 年重回蘋果電腦,
00:59
said that "spreadsheets propelled the industry forward."
16
59160
3240
宣稱:「試算表 推動計算機工業前進。」
01:02
"VisiCalc propelled the success of Apple more than any other single event."
17
62880
3920
「VisiCalc 比其他的 更推動了蘋果的成功。」
01:07
On a more personal note,
18
67440
1160
在一個更為私人的筆記裡,
01:09
Steve said, "If VisiCalc had been written for some other computer,
19
69600
3136
賈伯斯說:「如果 VisiCalc 當初是寫給其他的電腦用的,
01:12
you'd be interviewing somebody else right now."
20
72760
2200
那你現在採訪的就是別人了。」
01:15
So, VisiCalc was instrumental in getting personal computers on business desks.
21
75360
6376
因此 VisiCalc 在商用個人電腦上 起了重要的作用。
01:21
How did it come about?
22
81760
1160
它是怎麼來的呢?
01:23
What was it? What did I go through to make it be what it was?
23
83680
2920
它是什麼?我做了什麼 使它成為這個模樣呢?
01:27
Well, I first learned to program back in 1966, when I was 15 --
24
87920
5336
我在 1966 年 15 歲時 首次學寫程式,
01:33
just a couple months after this photo was taken.
25
93280
2240
就在拍這張照片的幾個月後。
01:36
Few high schoolers had access to computers in those days.
26
96200
2960
很少有高中生在當時接觸到電腦。
01:39
But through luck and an awful lot of perseverance,
27
99560
3496
但由於運氣和堅持不懈,
01:43
I was able to get computer time around the city.
28
103080
2240
我在市裡得到了使用電腦的時間。
01:46
After sleeping in the mud at Woodstock, I went off to MIT to go to college,
29
106200
4880
睡在胡士托音樂節的泥裡後, 我去麻省理工學院(MIT)上課,
01:51
where to make money, I worked on the Multics Project.
30
111520
3080
為 Multics 專案工作賺些錢。
01:55
Multics was a trailblazing interactive time-sharing system.
31
115320
5016
Multics 是個開創性的 交互式分時系統。
02:00
Have you heard of the Linux and Unix operating systems?
32
120360
3176
你聽過 Linux 和 Unix 操作系統嗎?
02:03
They came from Multics.
33
123560
1240
它們來自 Multics。
02:05
I worked on the Multics versions
34
125320
2296
我曾做過 Multics 版本的
02:07
of what are known as interpreted computer languages,
35
127640
3816
計算機編譯語言,
02:11
that are used by people in noncomputer fields
36
131480
2456
被非計算機領域的人
02:13
to do their calculations while seated at a computer terminal.
37
133960
3000
用在電腦終端機前進行計算。
02:17
After I graduated from MIT,
38
137560
2256
我從 MIT 畢業之後
02:19
I went to work for Digital Equipment Corporation.
39
139840
2840
去迪吉多公司工作。
02:23
At DEC, I worked on software
40
143320
3176
我在迪吉多負責開發軟體,
02:26
for the new area of computerized typesetting.
41
146520
2840
用於電腦排版的新領域。
02:29
I helped newspapers replace their reporters' typewriters
42
149800
4336
我幫新聞報紙的記者
用電腦取代打字機。
02:34
with computer terminals.
43
154160
1200
02:35
I'd write software
44
155880
1216
我寫軟體,
02:37
and then I'd go out in the field to places like the Kansas City Star,
45
157120
3696
然後去實地,像去 堪薩斯城市之星之類的地方,
02:40
where I would train users and get feedback.
46
160840
2416
我在那裡培訓使用者 並汲取他們的使用反饋。
02:43
This was real-world experience
47
163280
1856
那是真實世界的經驗,
02:45
that is quite different than what I saw in the lab at MIT.
48
165160
3240
跟我在 MIT 實驗室裡的完全不同。
02:49
After that, I was project leader
49
169880
2616
在那之後,我領導迪吉多的 首件文字處理軟體專案,
02:52
of the software for DEC's first word processor, again a new field.
50
172520
4800
又是一個新的領域。
02:57
Like with typesetting, the important thing was crafting a user interface
51
177720
5496
像排版一樣,重要的是製作用戶界面
03:03
that was both natural and efficient for noncomputer people to use.
52
183240
4080
讓非計算機領域的人 用起來自然而且有效率。
03:08
After I was at DEC, I went to work for a small company
53
188360
3976
在迪吉多之後 我去一家小公司工作。
03:12
that made microprocessor-based electronic cash registers for the fast-food industry.
54
192360
6120
他們為快餐業製作 以微處理器為基底的電子收銀機。
03:19
But I had always wanted to start a company with my friend Bob Frankston
55
199360
3696
但我一直想同朋友 Bob Frankston 一起創辦一家公司,
03:23
that I met on the Multics project at MIT.
56
203080
2376
我們是在 MIT 的 Multics 專案認識的。
03:25
So I decided to go back to school to learn as much as I could about business.
57
205480
3696
所以,我決定回到學校 盡我所能學習更多的商業知識。
03:29
And in the fall of 1977,
58
209200
2776
在 1977 年的秋天,
03:32
I entered the MBA program at Harvard Business School.
59
212000
3000
我進了哈佛商學院的 MBA 課程。
03:35
I was one of the few percentage of students
60
215840
2496
我是少數有寫計算機程式 背景學生之一。
03:38
who had a background in computer programming.
61
218360
2840
03:42
There's a picture of me from the yearbook sitting in the front row.
62
222080
3176
這張年鑑裡的照片的我坐在前排。
(笑聲)
03:45
(Laughter)
63
225280
1016
03:46
Now, at Harvard, we learned by the case method.
64
226320
2616
在哈佛,我們透過案例來學習,
03:48
We'd do about three cases a day.
65
228960
1936
一天大約做三個案例。
03:50
Cases consist of up to a few dozen pages describing particular business situations.
66
230920
5720
案例包括多達幾十頁 特定的商業情況描述,
03:57
They often have exhibits, and exhibits often have words and numbers
67
237600
4576
還經常陳列證物, 裡頭往往有文字和數字,
04:02
laid out in ways that make sense for the particular situation.
68
242200
3160
以一種對特定情況 有意義的方式寫出來。
04:05
They're usually all somewhat different.
69
245840
1936
通常它們彼此間有些不同。
04:07
Here's my homework.
70
247800
1216
這是我的家庭作業。
04:09
Again, numbers, words, laid out in ways that made sense.
71
249040
3176
再一次,數字、文字, 以一種有意義的方式排列。
04:12
Lots of calculations -- we got really close to our calculators.
72
252240
4080
大量的計算──
我們真的離不開計算器。
04:16
In fact, here's my calculator.
73
256720
1880
這其實是我的計算器。
04:20
For Halloween, I went dressed up as a calculator.
74
260200
2776
萬聖節時,我打扮成一個計算器。
04:23
(Laughter)
75
263000
1440
(笑聲)
04:25
At the beginning of each class, the professor would call on somebody
76
265785
3191
在每一節課的開始,
教授會叫個學生介紹案例,
04:29
to present the case.
77
269000
1279
04:31
What they would do is they would explain what was going on
78
271079
2777
學生需要解釋是怎麼一回事,
04:33
and then dictate information that the professor would transcribe
79
273880
3736
然後聽抄教授口述和寫在
04:37
onto the many motorized blackboards in the front of the class,
80
277640
2905
教室前電動黑板上的那些數據,
04:40
and then we'd have a discussion.
81
280569
1527
然後我們開始討論。
04:42
One of the really frustrating things is when you've done all your homework,
82
282120
4456
最讓人挫折的事之一 是當你完成了所有的作業,
04:46
you come in the next day only to find out that you made an error
83
286600
3016
第二天來到學校 卻發現你抄錯一個數字,
04:49
and all of the other numbers you did were wrong.
84
289640
2536
使得所有其他 算出來的數字全都錯了,
04:52
And you couldn't participate as well.
85
292200
1776
你就無法參與討論。
04:54
And we were marked by class participation.
86
294000
2240
而參與課堂的討論是要算分的。
04:57
So, sitting there with 87 other people in the class, I got to daydream a lot.
87
297320
4920
因此,和其他 87 人坐在教室裡時 我經常在做白日夢。
05:03
Most programmers in those days worked on mainframes,
88
303280
3856
當時大部分寫程式的人 致力於為大型計算機
05:07
building things like inventory systems, payroll systems and bill-paying systems.
89
307160
6336
建立庫存系統、薪資系統 和賬單支付系統。
05:13
But I had worked on interactive word processing
90
313520
2496
而我從事於互動文字處理
05:16
and on-demand personal computation.
91
316040
2096
和按個人需求的計算。
05:18
Instead of thinking about paper printouts and punch cards,
92
318160
4280
我思考的不是 印表機印出的紙張或打孔卡,
05:22
I imagined a magic blackboard
93
322880
2776
而是在想像一個神奇的黑板,
05:25
that if you erased one number and wrote a new thing in,
94
325680
3376
在黑板上你擦去一個數字, 寫一個新的進去,
05:29
all of the other numbers would automatically change,
95
329080
2856
所有其他的數字都會自動更新,
05:31
like word processing with numbers.
96
331960
1760
就像是數字的處理。
05:34
I imagined that my calculator had mouse hardware on the bottom of it
97
334600
4240
我想像計算器的下方有個滑鼠硬體,
05:39
and a head-up display, like in a fighter plane.
98
339240
2960
和像在戰鬥機裡的平視顯示器。
05:42
And I could type some numbers in, and circle it, and press the sum button.
99
342720
4136
我能輸入一些數字, 圈起來,再按總和按鍵。
05:46
And right in the middle of a negotiation I'd be able to get the answer.
100
346880
3736
在協商討論中,我能立即得到答案。
05:50
Now I just had to take my fantasy and turn it into reality.
101
350640
3000
我只需把想像變成現實。
05:54
My father taught me about prototyping.
102
354640
2440
我的父親教我設計原型。
05:57
He showed me mock-ups
103
357560
1616
他向我展示為了弄清楚
05:59
that he'd make to figure out the placement on the page
104
359200
3336
正在印製的小冊子的最佳配置位置
06:02
for the things for brochures that he was printing.
105
362560
2536
而製作的原型。
06:05
And he'd use it to get feedback from customers
106
365120
2936
他會用它來獲得客戶的反饋和首肯,
06:08
and OKs before he sent the job off to the presses.
107
368080
3600
然後才把它交給印刷廠。
06:12
The act of making a simple, working version of what you're trying to build
108
372440
5096
為你嘗試構建的東西 做個簡單可用的版本,
06:17
forces you to uncover key problems.
109
377560
2320
迫使你發現關鍵的問題,
06:20
And it lets you find solutions to those problems much less expensively.
110
380720
4400
讓你能找到較不昂貴的解決方案。
06:25
So I decided to build a prototype.
111
385720
2240
因此,我決定製造一個原型。
06:28
I went to a video terminal connected to Harvard's time-sharing system
112
388760
4576
我用連接到哈佛的 分時系統的螢幕終端機,
06:33
and got to work.
113
393360
1496
開始寫程式。
06:34
One of the first problems that I ran into was:
114
394880
3256
我最先碰到的問題之一是
06:38
How do you represent values in formulas?
115
398160
2680
如何表示公式中的值?
06:41
Let me show you what I mean.
116
401280
1360
讓我用展示來說明我的意思。
06:44
I thought that you would point somewhere,
117
404000
2176
你大概會指向某處,
06:46
type in some words, then type in some somewhere else,
118
406200
3096
輸入一些字, 在其他地方再輸入一些字,
06:49
put in some numbers and some more numbers, point where you want the answer.
119
409320
3524
輸入一些數字,再一些數字, 點擊你想要顯示答案的地方。
06:53
And then point to the first, press minus, point to the second,
120
413240
3216
接著指向第一個,按「減去」, 指向第二個,
06:56
and get the result.
121
416480
1200
得到答案。
06:58
The problem was: What should I put in the formula?
122
418360
3416
問題來了:我應該把什麼放在公式裡?
07:01
It had to be something the computer knew what to put in.
123
421800
2620
它必須是計算機認得的東西。
07:04
And if you looked at the formula,
124
424444
1692
看著公式時
07:06
you needed to know where on the screen it referred to.
125
426160
3000
你需要知道它在螢幕上出現的位置。
07:09
The first thing I thought was the programmer way of doing it.
126
429840
2896
我首先想到程式師的方法。
07:12
The first time you pointed to somewhere,
127
432760
1905
你第一次指著某處,
07:14
the computer would ask you to type in a unique name.
128
434689
2680
計算機要求你輸入一個 獨一無二的名字。
07:18
It became pretty clear pretty fast that that was going to be too tedious.
129
438760
3776
很快就變得相當清楚,這太繁瑣了。
07:22
The computer had to automatically make up the name and put it inside.
130
442560
3240
計算機應該要自動 編個名字和輸入它。
07:26
So I thought, why not make it be the order in which you create them?
131
446600
4360
所以我想,為什麽不順著 你創建它們的順序呢?
07:31
I tried that. Value 1, value 2.
132
451480
2496
我試了試,值 1,值 2
07:34
Pretty quickly I saw that if you had more than a few values
133
454000
2762
很快我體認到,如果多幾個值,
07:36
you'd never remember on the screen where things were.
134
456786
2510
就絕對記不得螢幕上東西的位置。
然後我想,為什麽不讓值 能夠被輸入在任何地方,
07:39
Then I said, why not instead of allowing you to put values anywhere,
135
459320
5296
07:44
I'll restrict you to a grid?
136
464640
1600
只要限制它被放在網格裡呢?
07:46
Then when you pointed to a cell,
137
466720
2216
當你指向一個單元,
07:48
the computer could put the row and column in as a name.
138
468960
2720
計算機能用行和列作為單元的名稱。
07:52
And, if I did it like a map and put ABC across the top and numbers along the side,
139
472640
6176
如果我把它做成像一張地圖,
ABC 放在頂部,數字放在一側,
07:58
if you saw B7 in a formula,
140
478840
2896
如果你看到一個公式裏的 B7,
08:01
you'd know exactly where it was on the screen.
141
481760
2200
你就知道它在螢幕上的確切位置。
08:04
And if you had to type the formula in yourself, you'd know what to do.
142
484640
4240
如果你需要自己輸入公式, 就會知道該怎麽做。
08:09
Restricting you to a grid helped solve my problem.
143
489440
3080
用網格不但解決了我的問題,
08:13
It also opened up new capabilities, like the ability to have ranges of cells.
144
493200
5600
還開啟新的性能,像是能用 範圍內的多個單元。
08:19
But it wasn't too restrictive --
145
499360
1576
限制不算太緊,
08:20
you could still put any value, any formula, in any cell.
146
500960
4320
你仍可在任意單元格裡 輸入任何值、任何公式。
08:26
And that's the way we do it to this day, almost 40 years later.
147
506120
3840
這就是我們一直用到現在的方法, 差不多四十年過去了。
08:31
My friend Bob and I decided that we were going to build this product together.
148
511109
3667
我的朋友 Bob 和我 決定一起建造這個產品。
08:34
I did more work figuring out exactly how the program was supposed to behave.
149
514800
4416
我做了更多的研究 弄清楚程式應該怎麼做。
08:39
I wrote a reference card to act as documentation.
150
519240
3256
我寫了張參考卡作為文件檔。
08:42
It also helped me ensure that the user interface I was defining
151
522520
4776
它幫我確保所定義的用戶界面
08:47
could be explained concisely and clearly to regular people.
152
527320
3479
普通人能夠清楚明瞭。
08:51
Bob worked in the attic of the apartment he rented in Arlington, Massachusetts.
153
531520
5416
Bob 在他租的麻薩諸塞州 阿靈頓的公寓閣樓裡工作。
08:56
This is the inside of the attic.
154
536960
1720
這是閣樓的裡面。
09:00
Bob bought time on the MIT Multics System
155
540240
2776
Bob 付費取得 MIT Multics 系統的上機時間。
09:03
to write computer code on a terminal like this.
156
543040
2720
在像這樣的終端機上寫電腦程式。
09:06
And then he would download test versions to a borrowed Apple II
157
546400
3496
然後他下載測試版本 到借來的蘋果 II 上,
09:09
over a phone line using an acoustic coupler,
158
549920
3256
通過電話線和聲耦合器測試。
09:13
and then we would test.
159
553200
1160
09:14
For one of these tests I prepared for this case about the Pepsi Challenge.
160
554920
4720
其中一個測試
我準備挑戰百事可樂的案例。
09:20
Print wasn't working yet, so I had to copy everything down.
161
560720
2920
當時還不能列印出來, 所以我不得不抄寫所有內容;
09:24
Save wasn't working, so every time it crashed,
162
564480
2416
還不能存檔,
所以每次當機我就得 一次又一次輸入所有的公式。
09:26
I had to type in all of the formulas again, over and over again.
163
566920
3000
09:30
The next day in class, I raised my hand; I got called on, and I presented the case.
164
570240
3976
第二天在教室裡,我舉手, 被叫起來介紹案例。
我做了五年的規劃, 涵蓋各式各樣的場景。
09:34
I did five-year projections. I did all sorts of different scenarios.
165
574240
3576
09:37
I aced the case. VisiCalc was already useful.
166
577840
3680
那案例我得到高分。
VisiCalc 已被證明有用。
09:42
The professor said, "How did you do it?"
167
582160
2600
教授問:「你怎麼做到的?」
09:45
Well, I didn't want to tell him about our secret program.
168
585469
2667
我不想告訴他我們的秘密程式。
09:48
(Laughter)
169
588160
1520
(笑聲)
09:50
So I said, "I took this and added this
170
590200
1856
所以我說:「我用這個加上這個
09:52
and multiplied by this and subtracted that."
171
592080
2096
然後乘以這個再減去這個。」
09:54
He said, "Well, why didn't you use a ratio?"
172
594200
2096
他說:「你為什麼不用比例?」
09:56
I said, "Hah! A ratio -- that wouldn't have been as exact!"
173
596320
3016
我說:「哈!比例不夠準確。」
09:59
What I didn't say was, "Divide isn't working yet."
174
599360
2576
我沒說的是「除法還不能用」。
10:01
(Laughter)
175
601960
3096
(笑聲)
10:05
Eventually, though, we did finish enough of VisiCalc
176
605080
3856
最終,我們完成足夠的 VisiCalc
10:08
to be able to show it to the public.
177
608960
1840
可以公眾於世。
10:11
My dad printed up a sample reference card
178
611440
1976
我父親印出一張參考卡樣本,
10:13
that we could use as marketing material.
179
613440
2000
我們用它做為市場營銷的材料。
10:16
In June of 1979, our publisher announced VisiCalc to the world,
180
616280
5776
我們的出版商在 1979 年六月 向世界宣布 VisiCal,
10:22
in a small booth at the giant National Computer Conference in New York City.
181
622080
4120
在紐約市巨型 全國計算機會議裡的一個小攤位。
10:26
The New York Times had a humorous article about the conference.
182
626800
4160
紐約時報有一篇 關於這次會議的幽默文章:
10:31
"The machines perform what seem religious rites ...
183
631480
2456
「機器表演宗教儀式…
10:33
Even as the believers gather,
184
633960
1381
信徒們聚集在一起,
10:35
the painters in the Coliseum sign room are adding to the pantheon,
185
635365
3096
體育館標誌室的畫家正加入萬神殿
10:38
carefully lettering 'VISICALC' in giant black on yellow.
186
638485
3171
認真地用黃底巨型黑字 標明 VisiCalc。
10:41
All hail VISICALC!"
187
641680
1816
所有人向 VisiCalc 致敬!」
10:43
(Gasp) New York Times: "All hail VISICALC."
188
643520
3576
(倒抽一口氣)紐約時報寫: 「所有人向 VisiCalc 致敬!」
10:47
(Laughter)
189
647120
1496
(笑聲)
10:48
That was the last mention of the electronic spreadsheet
190
648640
4256
那是大約兩年來流行商業媒體
10:52
in the popular business press for about two years.
191
652920
3896
最後一次提到電子表格。
10:56
Most people didn't get it yet.
192
656840
2136
大部分的人還沒有用過,
10:59
But some did.
193
659000
1200
但有些人用過。
11:00
In October of 1979, we shipped VisiCalc.
194
660920
4200
我們在 1979 年十月 寄出 VisiCalc,
11:05
It came in packaging that looked like this.
195
665880
2816
包裝是這樣,
11:08
And it looked like this running on the Apple II.
196
668720
2480
在蘋果 II 中運行是這樣。
11:12
And the rest, as they say, is history.
197
672000
1960
如他們所說,其餘的是歷史。
11:14
Now, there's an awful lot more to this story,
198
674360
2096
時至今日有更多關於它的故事,
11:16
but that'll have to wait for another day.
199
676480
2056
且聽下回分解。
11:18
One thing, though, Harvard remembers.
200
678560
2240
哈佛記得這件事。
11:21
Here's that classroom.
201
681400
1200
這是那間教室。
11:23
They put up a plaque to commemorate what happened there.
202
683240
3440
他們張貼了一份牌匾 來紀念那裡發生的事。
11:27
(Applause)
203
687640
2400
(掌聲)
但它也是個提醒,
11:36
But it also serves as a reminder
204
696400
2936
11:39
that you, too, should take your unique backgrounds, skills and needs
205
699360
5496
提醒你也應該帶著你 獨一無二的經歷、技能和需求,
11:44
and build prototypes to discover and work out the key problems,
206
704880
5256
創建原型機,發掘並解決關鍵問題,
11:50
and through that, change the world.
207
710160
2120
透過它來改變世界。
11:53
Thank you.
208
713040
1216
謝謝。
11:54
(Applause)
209
714280
4600
(掌聲)
關於本網站

本網站將向您介紹對學習英語有用的 YouTube 視頻。 您將看到來自世界各地的一流教師教授的英語課程。 雙擊每個視頻頁面上顯示的英文字幕,從那裡播放視頻。 字幕與視頻播放同步滾動。 如果您有任何意見或要求,請使用此聯繫表與我們聯繫。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7