Meet the inventor of the electronic spreadsheet | Dan Bricklin

Translator: Crawford Hunt Reviewer: Brian Greene

Translator: Bostang Palaguna Reviewer: Yolanda Raintina

How many of you have used an electronic spreadsheet,

Berapa banyak dari Anda yang menggunakan lembar kerja elektronik,

like Microsoft Excel?

seperti Microsoft Excel?

Very good.

Baik...

Now, how many of you have run a business with a spreadsheet by hand,

Sekarang, berapa banyak dari Anda

yang menjalankan bisnis dengan lembar kerja manual,

like my dad did for his small printing business in Philadelphia?

seperti yang ayah saya lakukan pada bisnis percetakannya di Philadelphia?

A lot less.

Jauh lebih sedikit.

Well, that's the way it was done for hundreds of years.

Cara itu dilakukan selama ratusan tahun.

In early 1978, I started working on an idea

Pada awal tahun 1978, saya mulai membuat ide

that eventually became VisiCalc.

yang akhirnya menjadi VisiCalc.

And the next year it shipped

Pada tahun berikutnya

alat itu digunakan pada teknologi baru bernama Apple II.

running on something new called an Apple II personal computer.

You could tell that things had really changed when, six years later,

Anda bisa katakan jika banyak hal telah berubah enam tahun kemudian,

the Wall Street Journal ran an editorial

Wall Street Journal memuat editorial

that assumed you knew what VisiCalc was and maybe even were using it.

yang mengasumsikan Anda tahu dan bahkan menggunakan VisiCalc.

Steve Jobs back in 1990

Steve Jobs pada tahun 1990

said that "spreadsheets propelled the industry forward."

mengatakan bahwa "spreadsheet mendorong industri masa depan."

"VisiCalc propelled the success of Apple more than any other single event."

"VisiCalc mendorong kesuksesan Apple lebih dari peristiwa tunggal lainnya. "

On a more personal note,

Pada catatan yang lebih pribadi,

Steve said, "If VisiCalc had been written for some other computer,

Steve mengatakan,

"Jika VisiCalc dipakai untuk beberapa komputer lainnya,

you'd be interviewing somebody else right now."

Anda kini akan diwawancara oleh orang lain."

So, VisiCalc was instrumental in getting personal computers on business desks.

Jadi, VisiCalc adalah alat penting dalam bisnis.

How did it come about?

Bagaimana itu terjadi?

What was it? What did I go through to make it be what it was?

Apa itu?

Apa yang sudah saya lalui untuk membuatnya?

Well, I first learned to program back in 1966, when I was 15 --

Pertama kali saya belajar pemrograman pada tahun 1966, berusia 15 tahun--

just a couple months after this photo was taken.

beberapa bulan setelah foto ini diambil.

Few high schoolers had access to computers in those days.

Beberapa anak SMA telah memiliki akses komputer saat itu.

But through luck and an awful lot of perseverance,

Melalui keberuntungan dan ketekunan, saya bisa memakai komputer di kota.

I was able to get computer time around the city.

After sleeping in the mud at Woodstock, I went off to MIT to go to college,

Setelah tidur di lumpur di Woodstock, saya berkuliah di MIT,

where to make money, I worked on the Multics Project.

untuk mendapatkan uang, saya bekerja di Multics Project.

Multics was a trailblazing interactive time-sharing system.

Multics adalah sistem berbagi waktu interaktif yang inovatif.

Have you heard of the Linux and Unix operating systems?

Pernahkah Anda mendengar sistem operasi Linux dan Unix?

They came from Multics.

Itu produk Multics.

I worked on the Multics versions

Saya membuat versi Multics

of what are known as interpreted computer languages,

yang dikenal sebagai penerjemah bahasa komputer,

that are used by people in noncomputer fields

digunakan oleh orang di bidang non komputer

to do their calculations while seated at a computer terminal.

untuk melakukan perhitungan sambil duduk di terminal komputer.

After I graduated from MIT,

Setelah saya lulus dari MIT,

I went to work for Digital Equipment Corporation.

saya bekerja di Digital Equipment Corporation.

At DEC, I worked on software

Ketika di DEC, saya bekerja dengan perangkat lunak

for the new area of computerized typesetting.

untuk area baru penyusunan huruf komputer.

I helped newspapers replace their reporters' typewriters

Saya membantu perusahaan jurnalistik menggantikan mesin ketik mereka

with computer terminals.

dengan terminal komputer.

I'd write software

Saya membuat perangkat lunak

and then I'd go out in the field to places like the Kansas City Star,

dan pergi ke lapangan, seperti Kansas City Star,

where I would train users and get feedback.

untuk melatih pengguna dan mendapatkan masukan.

This was real-world experience

Ini adalah pengalaman nyata,

that is quite different than what I saw in the lab at MIT.

cukup berbeda dibandingkan apa yang saya lihat di lab MIT.

After that, I was project leader

Setelah itu, saya menjadi pimpinan proyek

of the software for DEC's first word processor, again a new field.

pada bidang baru lagi, yaitu perangkat lunak pengolah kata DEC.

Like with typesetting, the important thing was crafting a user interface

Seperti penyusunan huruf, dalam membuat antarmuka pengguna

that was both natural and efficient for noncomputer people to use.

yang alami dan efisien untuk pengguna non komputer.

After I was at DEC, I went to work for a small company

Setelah DEC, saya bekerja di sebuah perusahaan kecil

that made microprocessor-based electronic cash registers for the fast-food industry.

yang membuat mesin kas elektronik untuk industri makanan cepat saji.

But I had always wanted to start a company with my friend Bob Frankston

Saya selalu ingin memulai perusahaan dengan teman saya, Bob Frankston,

that I met on the Multics project at MIT.

yang dulu juga ada di proyek Multics MIT.

So I decided to go back to school to learn as much as I could about business.

Jadi saya memutuskan berkuliah lagi untuk mempelajari bidang bisnis.

And in the fall of 1977,

Pada musim gugur tahun 1977,

I entered the MBA program at Harvard Business School.

saya masuk program MBA di Harvard Business School.

I was one of the few percentage of students

Saya adalah satu dari sedikit mahasiswa

who had a background in computer programming.

yang memiliki latar belakang dalam pemrograman komputer.

There's a picture of me from the yearbook sitting in the front row.

Itu foto buku tahunan, saya duduk di barisan depan.

(Tawa)

(Laughter)

Now, at Harvard, we learned by the case method.

Di Harvard, kami belajar dengan metode studi kasus.

We'd do about three cases a day.

Kami mengerjakan sekitar 3 kasus sehari.

Cases consist of up to a few dozen pages describing particular business situations.

Setiap kasus berisi lusinan halaman yang menggambarkan situasi bisnis.

They often have exhibits, and exhibits often have words and numbers

Mereka sering mengadakan pameran, dan sering berkaitan dengan kata dan angka

laid out in ways that make sense for the particular situation.

ditata dengan secara masuk akal untuk situasi tertentu.

They're usually all somewhat different.

Biasanya semuanya agak berbeda.

Here's my homework.

Inilah tugas saya.

Angka dan kata ditata dengan cara yang masuk akal.

Again, numbers, words, laid out in ways that made sense.

Lots of calculations -- we got really close to our calculators.

Banyak sekali perhitungan-- Kami harus dekat dengan kalkulator.

In fact, here's my calculator.

Inilah kalkulator saya.

For Halloween, I went dressed up as a calculator.

Saat Halloween, saya berpakaian seperti kalkulator.

(Tawa)

(Laughter)

At the beginning of each class, the professor would call on somebody

Setiap awal kelas, profesor akan memanggil seseorang

to present the case.

untuk menyajikan kasus.

What they would do is they would explain what was going on

Mereka diminta menjelaskan kejadiannya

and then dictate information that the professor would transcribe

dan kemudian mendikte informasi yang akan dituliskan oleh profesor

onto the many motorized blackboards in the front of the class,

ke banyak papan tulis di depan kelas,

and then we'd have a discussion.

lalu kami mendiskusikannya.

One of the really frustrating things is when you've done all your homework,

Hal yang membuat frustasi adalah setelah menyelesaikan tugas,

you come in the next day only to find out that you made an error

keesokan hari Anda hadir untuk menemukan sebuah kesalahan

and all of the other numbers you did were wrong.

dan ternyata semuanya salah.

And you couldn't participate as well.

Jadi saya tidak bisa ikut diskusi.

And we were marked by class participation.

Kami dinilai berdasarkan keaktifan di kelas.

So, sitting there with 87 other people in the class, I got to daydream a lot.

Saya banyak melamun di kelas walau ada 87 orang lainnya.

Most programmers in those days worked on mainframes,

Saat itu, kebanyakan pemrogram bekerja pada kerangka utama,

building things like inventory systems, payroll systems and bill-paying systems.

membangun sistem persediaan, penggajian, dan pembayaran tagihan.

But I had worked on interactive word processing

Tetapi, saya telah mengerjakan pengolah kata interaktif

and on-demand personal computation.

dan komputasi pribadi permintaan.

Instead of thinking about paper printouts and punch cards,

Daripada memikirkan cetakan kertas dan kartu berlubang,

I imagined a magic blackboard

saya membayangkan papan tulis ajaib

that if you erased one number and wrote a new thing in,

jika Anda menghapus satu angka dan menulis hal baru,

all of the other numbers would automatically change,

angka lainnya otomatis terubah, seperti pengolah kata dengan angka.

like word processing with numbers.

I imagined that my calculator had mouse hardware on the bottom of it

Saya membayangkan kalkulator saya memiliki mouse

and a head-up display, like in a fighter plane.

dan ada layar, seperti di pesawat tempur.

And I could type some numbers in, and circle it, and press the sum button.

Saya dapat mengetik angka, melingkarinya, dan menekan tombol jumlah.

And right in the middle of a negotiation I'd be able to get the answer.

Dan seketika mendapat jawabannya.

Now I just had to take my fantasy and turn it into reality.

Saya telah mengubah khayalan itu menjadi nyata.

My father taught me about prototyping.

Ayah mengajari saya cara membuat prototipe.

He showed me mock-ups

Dia menunjukkan replika yang harus ditentukan penempatannya

that he'd make to figure out the placement on the page

for the things for brochures that he was printing.

pada brosur yang dia cetak.

And he'd use it to get feedback from customers

Ia menggunakannya untuk mendapatkan umpan balik dari pelanggan

and OKs before he sent the job off to the presses.

dan persetujuan sebelum mengirimnya ke media.

The act of making a simple, working version of what you're trying to build

Tindakan versi sederhana dan berhasil melakukan percobaan

forces you to uncover key problems.

mendorong Anda untuk mengungkap masalah utama

And it lets you find solutions to those problems much less expensively.

dan menemukan solusi yang lebih efektif.

So I decided to build a prototype.

Jadi saya membuat prototipe.

I went to a video terminal connected to Harvard's time-sharing system

Saya menuju terminal video yang terhubung ke sistem pembagian waktu Harvard

and got to work.

dan mulai mengerjakannya.

One of the first problems that I ran into was:

Masalah pertama yang saya temui adalah:

How do you represent values in formulas?

Bagaimana menyajikan nilai dalam rumus?

Let me show you what I mean.

Saya akan menjelaskannya.

I thought that you would point somewhere,

Misalnya Anda menunjuk titik tertentu, mengetik kata-kata di tempat lainnya,

type in some words, then type in some somewhere else,

put in some numbers and some more numbers, point where you want the answer.

memasukkan angka dan angka lagi, dan menempatkan jawaban Anda.

And then point to the first, press minus, point to the second,

Kembali ke pertama, tekan minus, arahkan pada yang kedua,

and get the result.

dan jawabannya keluar.

The problem was: What should I put in the formula?

Masalahnya : Rumus apa yg harus digunakan?

It had to be something the computer knew what to put in.

Rumus yang dapat dimengerti oleh komputer.

And if you looked at the formula,

Jika Anda melihat rumusnya,

you needed to know where on the screen it referred to.

Anda tahu rumus tersebut merujuk ke mana.

The first thing I thought was the programmer way of doing it.

Pertama, saya memikirkannya secara programmer.

The first time you pointed to somewhere,

Pertama kali menunjuk ke suatu tempat, komputer akan meminta sebuah nama unik.

the computer would ask you to type in a unique name.

It became pretty clear pretty fast that that was going to be too tedious.

Semakin jelas kalau itu rumit.

The computer had to automatically make up the name and put it inside.

Komputer secara otomatis menamakan dan memasukannya ke dalam.

So I thought, why not make it be the order in which you create them?

Jadi saya berpikir, kenapa tidak membuatnya sesuai urutan?

I tried that. Value 1, value 2.

Saya mencobanya, nilai 1, nilai 2.

Pretty quickly I saw that if you had more than a few values

Saya melihat jika Anda memiliki banyak nilai

you'd never remember on the screen where things were.

Anda tidak akan ingat di mana nilai itu.

Kemudian saya berkata, mengapa saya tidak membiarkan Anda menaruhnya di mana pun,

Then I said, why not instead of allowing you to put values anywhere,

I'll restrict you to a grid?

dan saya hanya memberi pembatasnya?

Then when you pointed to a cell,

Kemudian saat Anda menuju sebuah sel,

the computer could put the row and column in as a name.

komputer bisa memasukkan baris dan kolom pada sebuah nama.

And, if I did it like a map and put ABC across the top and numbers along the side,

Jika saya membuatnya seperti peta dan meletakkan ABC di atas dan angka di sisi,

if you saw B7 in a formula,

jika Anda melihat B7 dalam rumus,

you'd know exactly where it was on the screen.

Anda akan tahu persis posisinya.

And if you had to type the formula in yourself, you'd know what to do.

Jika Anda mengetik sendiri rumusnya, Anda tahu apa gunanya.

Restricting you to a grid helped solve my problem.

Membatasi Anda dengan kotak dapat menyelesaikan masalah saya.

It also opened up new capabilities, like the ability to have ranges of cells.

Ini juga membuka kemampuan baru, seperti mempunyai rentang sel.

But it wasn't too restrictive --

Tetapi itu tidak membatasi--

you could still put any value, any formula, in any cell.

Anda masih bisa memasukkan nilai dan rumus apa pun, di sel mana pun.

And that's the way we do it to this day, almost 40 years later.

Cara itu masih dipakai sampai saat ini, sudah hampir 40 tahun.

My friend Bob and I decided that we were going to build this product together.

Bob dan saya sepakat untuk membuat produk ini bersama.

I did more work figuring out exactly how the program was supposed to behave.

Saya tahu gambaran cara program ini seharusnya berjalan.

I wrote a reference card to act as documentation.

Saya tulis kartu referensi sebagai dokumentasi.

It also helped me ensure that the user interface I was defining

Itu membantu saya memastikan tampilannya

could be explained concisely and clearly to regular people.

dapat dijelaskan secara mudah ke orang awam.

Bob worked in the attic of the apartment he rented in Arlington, Massachusetts.

Bob bekerja di loteng apartemen sewaan, di Arlington, Massachusetts.

This is the inside of the attic.

Ini adalah bagian dalam loteng.

Bob bought time on the MIT Multics System

Bob menghabiskan waktu di MIT MulticSystem

to write computer code on a terminal like this.

untuk menulis kode komputer di terminal seperti ini.

And then he would download test versions to a borrowed Apple II

Lalu dia akan unduh versi uji ke Apple II yang dipinjam

over a phone line using an acoustic coupler,

melalui saluran telepon menggunakan pengait akustik,

and then we would test.

lalu kami mengujinya.

For one of these tests I prepared for this case about the Pepsi Challenge.

Untuk salah satu tes ini, kami memakai kasus Pepsi Challenge.

Print wasn't working yet, so I had to copy everything down.

Print belum berfungsi, jadi saya menyalin semuanya.

Save wasn't working, so every time it crashed,

Save tidak berfungsi, jadi setiap ada kemacetan,

I had to type in all of the formulas again, over and over again.

saya harus mengetik rumusnya berulang kali.

The next day in class, I raised my hand; I got called on, and I presented the case.

Keesokannya di kelas, saya angkat tangan, maju, dan presentasi.

Saya melakukan proyeksi lima tahun dan mencoba semua skenario berbeda.

I did five-year projections. I did all sorts of different scenarios.

I aced the case. VisiCalc was already useful.

Saya atasi kasusnya. VisiCalc sudah berfungsi.

The professor said, "How did you do it?"

Profesor bertanya, "Bagaimana Anda melakukannya?"

Well, I didn't want to tell him about our secret program.

Saya tidak ingin memberitahukan program rahasia kami.

(Tawa)

(Laughter)

So I said, "I took this and added this

Jadi saya jawab, "Saya ambil ini, tambahkan ini, kalikan, dan kurangi itu."

and multiplied by this and subtracted that."

Dia bertanya, "Mengapa tidak memakai rasio?"

He said, "Well, why didn't you use a ratio?"

I said, "Hah! A ratio -- that wouldn't have been as exact!"

Saya katakan, "Hah! Rasio tak akan berhasil!"

What I didn't say was, "Divide isn't working yet."

Saya tidak mengatakan, "Rumus pembagian belum berfungsi!"

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

Eventually, though, we did finish enough of VisiCalc

Akhirnya, kami menyelesaikan VisiCalc dan dapat ditunjukkan ke publik.

to be able to show it to the public.

My dad printed up a sample reference card

Ayah mencetak contoh kartu referensi yang bisa kami pakai untuk pemasaran.

that we could use as marketing material.

In June of 1979, our publisher announced VisiCalc to the world,

Pada Juni 1979, penerbit kami mengumumkan VisiCalc kepada dunia,

in a small booth at the giant National Computer Conference in New York City.

di sebuah bilik kecil National Computer Conference raksasa di Kota New York.

The New York Times had a humorous article about the conference.

The New York Times menulis artikel lucu tentang konferensi itu.

"The machines perform what seem religious rites ...

"Mesin-mesin melakukan apa yang tampaknya gaib..."

Even as the believers gather,

Saat orang percaya berkumpul,

the painters in the Coliseum sign room are adding to the pantheon,

pelukis di ruang Coliseum menambahkan ke pantheon,

carefully lettering 'VISICALC' in giant black on yellow.

dengan menuliskan 'VISICALC' berwarna hitam besar di atas kuning.

All hail VISICALC!"

Semua puja VISICALC!"

(Gasp) New York Times: "All hail VISICALC."

New York Times: "Semuanya Puja VISICALC".

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

That was the last mention of the electronic spreadsheet

Itulah hal terakhir yang disebut tentang lembar kerja elektronik

in the popular business press for about two years.

dalam pers bisnis populer selama dua tahun.

Most people didn't get it yet.

Kebanyakan orang belum mengerti.

Tetapi, beberapa mengerti.

But some did.

In October of 1979, we shipped VisiCalc.

Pada Oktober 1979, kami mulai mengirim VisiCalc

It came in packaging that looked like this.

dalam kemasan seperi itu.

And it looked like this running on the Apple II.

Dapat dijalankan di Apple II.

And the rest, as they say, is history.

Sisanya adalah sejarah.

Now, there's an awful lot more to this story,

Kini, ada banyak hal lain dari cerita ini, tapi harus menunggu waktu lain.

but that'll have to wait for another day.

One thing, though, Harvard remembers.

Ada satu hal yang diingat Harvard.

Here's that classroom.

Ini kelasnya.

They put up a plaque to commemorate what happened there.

Mereka memasang plakat untuk memperingati apa yang terjadi di sana.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

Tapi...

But it also serves as a reminder

ini juga sebagai pengingat

that you, too, should take your unique backgrounds, skills and needs

bahwa Anda juga

harus menggunakan latar belakang unik,

kemampuan, dan kebutuhan Anda

and build prototypes to discover and work out the key problems,

dan membangun prototipe untuk menemukan dan memecahkan masalah utama,

and through that, change the world.

dan melalui itu, mengubah dunia.

Thank you.

Terima kasih.

(Applause)

(Tepuk Tangan)