The spellbinding art of human anatomy | Vanessa Ruiz

譯者: Amy Lu 審譯者: Nan Liu

As a lover of human anatomy,

作為人體解剖學的愛好者，

I'm so excited that we're finally putting our bodies at the center of focus.

我很高興我們終於把 自己的身體作為關注重心。

Through practices such as preventive medicine,

從實際行動，比如預防醫學，

patient empowerment

病人授權，

and self-monitoring --

以及自我監控──

down to now obsessing over every single step we take in a day.

到現在擔心每天所做的任何事。

All of this works to promote

所有的努力都是為了

a healthy connection between ourselves and our bodies.

提高身體健康。

Despite all this focus on the healthy self,

除了這些對於健康自身的關注，

general public knowledge of the anatomical self is lacking.

普通大眾對自身的解剖學缺少認知。

Many people don't know the location of their vital organs,

多數人不知道重要人體器官的位置，

or even how they function.

甚至不懂這些器官的功能。

And that's because human anatomy

這是因為人體解剖學

is a difficult and time-intensive subject to learn.

是很難且需要大量時間投入的學科。

How many of you here made it through anatomy?

在場各位，有多少人撐過解剖學？

Wow, good --

哇，不錯──

most of you are in medicine.

你們中的大多數是學醫的。

I, like you, spent countless hours memorizing hundreds of structures.

我，和你們一樣，耗費了 大量的時間背誦幾百個結構。

Something no student of anatomy could do without the help of visuals.

學習解剖學的同學必須通過 視覺教具才能做到這件事。

Because at the end of the day,

因為最終，

whether you remember every little structure or not,

無論你是否記住每一個細小的結構，

these medical illustrations are what makes studying anatomy so intriguing.

是這些醫學插圖讓 學習解剖學變得有吸引力。

In looking at them,

仔細看他們的時候，

we're actually viewing a manual of our very selves.

我們事實上是在欣賞 自己的身體手冊。

But what happens when we're done studying?

但是當我們完成學習後 會發生甚麼呢？

These beautiful illustrations are then shut back

這些美麗的插圖

into the pages of a medical textbook,

就被夾回醫學教科書裡，

or an app,

或是應用程序裡，

referenced only when needed.

只有需要的時候才會被查閱。

And for the public,

而對於公眾，

medical illustrations may only be encountered passively

醫學插圖可能僅會被動地出現在

on the walls of a doctor's office.

醫生辦公室的牆上，

From the beginnings of modern medicine,

從現代醫學的開端，

medical illustration,

醫學插圖

and therefore anatomy,

和伴隨而來的解剖學，

have existed primarily within the realm of medical education.

主要存在於醫學教育領域。

Yet there's something fascinating happening right now.

然而現今，發生了一些 令人振奮的事情。

Artists are breaking anatomy out of the confines of the medical world

藝術家讓解剖學走出了 醫學世界的界線，

and are thrusting it into the public space.

然後把解剖學推向公眾世界。

For the past nine years, I have been cataloguing and sharing

在過去的九年裡， 我一直在為公眾編錄、分享

this rise in anatomical art with the public --

解剖學藝術的崛起──

all from my perspective as a medical illustrator.

從我醫學插圖師的角度。

But before I get into showing you how artists are reclaiming anatomy today,

但是在我給各位展示現今 藝術家是如何重塑解剖學之前，

it's important to understand how art influenced anatomy in the past.

我們需要了解藝術在過去 是如何影響解剖學的。

Now, anatomy is by its very nature a visual science,

那麼，解剖學的本質是視覺科學，

and the first anatomists to understand this lived during the Renaissance.

而首批了解這個本質的 解剖學家出現在文藝復興時期。

They relied on artists

他們通過藝術家的幫助

to help advertise their discoveries to their peers in the public.

把他們的發現推廣給社會上的同僚。

And this drive to not only teach but also to entertain

這種不僅是為了教育， 還是為了娛樂的想法，

resulted in some of the strangest anatomical illustrations.

帶來了很多很奇怪的解剖插圖。

Anatomy was caught in a struggle between science, art and culture

解剖學曾陷入一場 持續了五百多年的

that lasted for over 500 years.

科學、藝術與文化的衝突中。

Artists rendered dissected cadavers as alive,

藝術家把解剖後的屍體 描繪得栩栩如生，

posed in these humorous anatomical stripteases.

把屍體擺放得 好似解剖過的脫衣舞者。

Imagine seeing that in your textbooks today.

想像一下你現在在教科書中 看到這些圖片。

They also showed them as very much dead --

藝術家也會把死亡展示出來──

unwillingly stripped of their skin.

不情願地被剝落皮膚。

Disembodied limbs were often posed in literal still lives.

空洞僵硬的四肢通常 被擺成仍然活著的姿態。

And some illustrations even included pop culture references.

有些插圖甚至引用流行文化。

This is Clara,

這位是克萊拉，

a famous rhinoceros that was traveling Europe in the mid-1700s,

一隻有名的犀牛， 在 18 世紀中期遊遍歐洲，

at a time when seeing a rhino was an exciting rarity.

在那時，看到犀牛是一件 激動人心的罕見事。

Including her in this illustration was akin to celebrity sponsorship today.

把它加在這張插圖上 好像如今邀請名人贊助商一樣。

The introduction of color

然後色彩的使用

then brought a whole new depth and clarity to anatomy

讓解剖學的深度與清晰度更上一層樓，

that made it stunning.

讓人嘆為觀止。

By the early 20th century,

直到 20 世紀早期，

the perfect balance of science and art had finally been struck

科學與藝術間的完美平衡終於達成了，

with the emergence of medical illustrators.

因為醫學插圖畫家的出現。

They created a universal representation of anatomy --

他們創造了通用的解剖學定義──

something that was neither alive nor dead,

一種非生非死的事物，

that was free from those influences of artistic culture.

完全脫離藝術文化的影響。

And this focus on no-frills accuracy

著重強調毫無修飾的準確性，

was precisely for the benefit of medical education.

恰恰是完全服務於醫學教育。

And this is what we get to study from today.

這是我們現在用來學習的東西。

But why is it that medical illustration --

但是為甚麼醫學插圖──

both past and present --

包括過去的與現在的──

captures our imaginations?

可以讓我們浮想聯翩呢？

Now, we are innately tuned into the beauty of the human body.

現在，我們與生俱來地 被身體的魅力所吸引。

And medical illustration is still art.

而醫學插圖仍然是藝術。

Nothing can elicit an emotional response --

沒有甚麼能比人體

from joy to complete disgust --

更能激發情感反應，

more than the human body.

從喜悅到完全厭惡。

And today,

如今，

artists armed with that emotion,

藝術家用這種情感做武器，

are grasping anatomy from the medical world,

把解剖學從醫學的世界裡剝離，

and are reinvigorating it through art in the most imaginative ways.

然後通過藝術，用最有想像力的 方式重塑解剖學。

A perfect example of this is Spanish contemporary artist Fernando Vicente.

一個最有代表性的例子是 西班牙現代藝術家費南多·維森特。

He takes 19th century anatomical illustrations of the male body

他借助 19 世紀解剖 插畫中男性的身體，

and envelops them in a female sensuality.

把它們隱藏在女性的情慾中。

The women in his paintings taunt us to view beyond their surface anatomy,

他畫作中的女性嘲諷我們去 關注她們身體表象以外的部分，

thereby introducing a strong femininity

以此展示曾在解剖作品 歷史上一度被忽略的

that was previously lacking in the history of anatomical representation.

強烈的女性氣質。

Artistry can also be seen in the repair and recovery of the human body.

藝術才能在人體修補 和復原中同樣可見。

This is an X-ray of a woman who fractured and dislocated her ankle

這個 X 光片展示了一位 在滑板事故中

in a roller-skating accident.

腳踝斷裂脫臼的女性。

As a tribute to her trauma,

作為對她痛苦的悼念，

she commissioned Montreal-based architect Federico Carbajal

她委託來自蒙特利爾的 建築師費德裡科·卡瓦哈爾

to construct a wire sculpture of her damaged lower leg.

為她受傷的小腿製作線雕。

Now, notice those bright red screws magnified in the sculpture.

來看看這些安插在雕像中 明亮的紅色螺絲。

These are the actual surgical screws used in reconstructing her ankle.

它們正是當時在她腳踝裡 用作復健的螺絲。

It's medical hardware that's been repurposed as art.

這是被變換成藝術的醫療工具。

People often ask me how I choose the art that I showcase online

人們經常問我怎麼選出 在網路展示的藝術

or feature in gallery shows.

或是畫廊展示的特寫。

And for me it's a balance between the technique

於我來說，這是一種界於 技術與概念間的平衡，

and a concept that pushes the boundaries of anatomy as a way to know thyself,

用來打破解剖學的界線， 以便更好的了解自身。

which is why the work of Michael Reedy struck me.

這是麥可·里迪的作品 感染我的原因。

His serious figure drawings are often layered in elements of humor.

他繪畫中嚴肅的線條經常 與幽默的元素相互穿插。

For instance, take a look at her face.

比如說，看看她的臉。

Notice those red marks.

注意那些紅色的印記。

Michael manifests the consuming insecurity of a skin condition

麥可用背景中這些瘋狂的、

as these maniacal cartoon monsters

惱怒的、無法掌控的卡通怪物

annoying and out of control in the background.

描繪出皮膚強烈的不安全感。

On the mirrored figure,

在鏡像的圖畫中，

he renders the full anatomy

他完全用解剖學渲染，

and covers it in glitter,

然後塗抹以閃耀的粉末，

making it look like candy.

讓整體看起來像糖果。

By doing this,

通過這種做法，

Michael downplays the common perception of anatomy

麥可淡化了將解剖學與疾病和死亡

so closely tied to just disease and death.

緊密聯繫在一起的傳統觀念。

Now, this next concept might not make much sense,

下一個概念也許有點說不通，

but human anatomy is no longer limited to humans.

但是人類解剖學不再侷限於人類。

When you were a child,

當你還是孩童時，

did you ever wish that your toys could come to life?

你是否希望你的玩具會有生命？

Well, Jason Freeny makes those dreams come true

傑森·福瑞利用他魔幻的玩具解剖研究

with his magical toy dissections.

實現了這些夢想。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

One might think that this would bring a morbid edge

有人認為這種行為 會給童年純真的卡通玩偶

to one's innocent childhood characters,

帶來病態扭曲的一面，

but Jason says of his dissections,

但是傑森談及他的解剖研究時說道：

"One thing I've never seen in a child's reaction to my work is fear."

「我從未看到任何一個孩子 對我的成果表現出恐懼。」

It's always wonder,

反應通常是好奇，

amazement

驚嘆、

and wanting to explore.

想要探索。

Fear of anatomy and guts is a learned reaction.

對解剖學的恐懼與勇氣 是一種學來的反應。

This anatomization also extends to politically and socially charged objects.

這種解剖學式的分析也會 擴展到政治和社會對象。

In Noah Scalin's "Anatomy of War,"

在諾亞·斯凱林的《 解剖戰爭 》中,

we see a gun dissected to reveal human organs.

我們看到一隻槍被分解 來展示人類的器官。

But if you look closely,

但當你湊近來看，

you'll notice that it lacks a brain.

你會發現槍沒有大腦。

And if you keep looking, you might also notice

如果你繼續研究，你可能也會發現

that Noah has so thoughtfully placed the rectum

諾亞非常刻意的把直腸

at the business end of that gun barrel.

設置在槍口。

Now, this next artist I've been following for many years,

這是我多年關注的另一位藝術家，

watching him excite the public about anatomy.

看看他是怎樣讓公眾喜愛解剖學的。

Danny Quirk is a young artist

丹尼·夸克是一位年輕的藝術家，

who paints his subjects in the process of self-dissection.

他以自我解剖為創作過程

勾畫他的主題。

He bends the rules of medical illustration

他打破醫學插圖的條框法則，

by inserting a very dramatic light and shadow.

加入非常戲劇化的光線與陰影。

And this creates a 3-D illusion

這種手法打造出 3-D 的效果，

that lends itself very well to painting directly on the human skin.

使得作品本身好比 直接在人體皮膚上作畫。

Danny makes it look as if a person's skin has actually been removed.

丹尼使作品看起來好像 人的皮膚真的被撕開。

And this effect --

這種效果──

also cool and tattoo-like --

很酷，像是紋身一樣──

easily transitions into a medical illustration.

很容易轉換應用到醫學插圖中。

Now Danny is currently traveling the world,

現在，丹尼在周遊世界，

teaching anatomy to the public via his body paintings,

用他的人體繪畫為公眾講解解剖學，

which is why it was so shocking to find out

所以當我們的得知 他被醫學插圖計畫拒絕，

that he was rejected from medical illustration programs.

我們都很震驚。

But he's doing just fine.

不過他現在生活也不錯。

Then there are artists

接下來，有一些藝術家

who are extracting anatomy from both the medical world and the art world

把解剖學從醫學和藝術的世界脫離，

and are placing it directly on the streets.

然後直接把它在街頭展示出來。

London-based SHOK-1 paints giant X-rays of pop culture icons.

來自倫敦的 SHOK-1 繪畫出 流行文化標誌的大型 X 光。

His X-rays show how culture can come to have an anatomy of its own,

他的 X 光表達了文化本身 可以如何被解剖。

and conversely how culture can become part of the anatomy of a person.

而且相反地，文化如何可以 成為人體解剖的一部分。

You come to admire his work

你一定會欽佩他的作品，

because reproducing X-rays by hand, let alone with spray paint,

因為用手工，更不用說 使用噴霧顏料重塑 X 光，

is extremely difficult.

是極其困難的。

But then again this is a street artist,

同樣地，這也是一位街頭藝術家，

who also happens to hold a degree in applied chemistry.

但他同時擁有應用化學的學歷。

Nychos, an Austrian street artist,

耐可斯，奧地利街頭藝術家，

takes the term "exploded view" to a whole new level,

把「分解圖」的概念帶入新的層面，

splattering human and animal dissections on walls all over the world.

把人類與動物的解剖圖 揮灑在世界各地的牆壁上。

Influenced by comics and heavy metal,

受漫畫與重金屬音樂影響，

Nychos inserts a very youthful and enticing energy into anatomy

耐可斯把非常青春迷人的 能量注入到解剖學中，

that I just love.

這是我所愛的地方。

Street artists believe that art belongs to the public.

街頭藝術家相信藝術屬於大眾。

And this street anatomy is so captivating

這種街頭解剖如此有魅力，

because it is the furthest removed from the medical world.

是因為它離醫學世界的解剖學最遠。

It forces you to look at it,

它迫使你注視它，

and confront your own perceptions about anatomy,

挑戰你對解剖學的個人觀點，

whether you find it beautiful,

不論你覺得它是美麗的、

gross,

難以接受的、

morbid

病態的，

or awe-inspiring, like I do.

或是像我一樣，覺得嘆為觀止的。

That it elicits these responses at all

它所引起的各種反應，

is due to our intimate and often changing relationship with it.

是因為我們和它之間 熟悉卻又偶爾變換的關係。

All of the artists that I showed you here today

今天我展示給你們的所有藝術家

referenced medical illustrations for their art.

都應用醫學插圖創作藝術。

But for them,

但是對於他們，

anatomy isn't just something to memorize,

解剖學不是需要背誦的，

but a base from which to understand the human body on a meaningful level;

而是在有意義層面 來理解人體的基礎；

to depict it in ways that we can relate,

用與我們相關的方式來描畫它，

whether it be through cartoons,

無論是通過卡通、

body painting

人體繪畫

or street art.

或是街頭藝術。

Anatomical art has the power

解剖藝術擁有

to reach far beyond the pages of a medical textbook,

能超越醫學課本力量，

to ignite an excitement in the public,

點燃公眾的熱情的力量，

and reinvigorate an enthusiasm in the medical world,

振作醫學世界的激情的力量，

ultimately connecting our innermost selves with our bodies through art.

最終通過藝術，把我們最深層次的 自我與我們的身體相連。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）