The spellbinding art of human anatomy | Vanessa Ruiz

122,171 views ・ 2016-09-19

TED


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As a lover of human anatomy,
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I'm so excited that we're finally putting our bodies at the center of focus.
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Through practices such as preventive medicine,
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patient empowerment
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and self-monitoring --
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down to now obsessing over every single step we take in a day.
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All of this works to promote
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a healthy connection between ourselves and our bodies.
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Despite all this focus on the healthy self,
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general public knowledge of the anatomical self is lacking.
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Many people don't know the location of their vital organs,
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or even how they function.
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And that's because human anatomy
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is a difficult and time-intensive subject to learn.
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How many of you here made it through anatomy?
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Wow, good --
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most of you are in medicine.
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I, like you, spent countless hours memorizing hundreds of structures.
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Something no student of anatomy could do without the help of visuals.
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Because at the end of the day,
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whether you remember every little structure or not,
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these medical illustrations are what makes studying anatomy so intriguing.
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In looking at them,
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we're actually viewing a manual of our very selves.
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But what happens when we're done studying?
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These beautiful illustrations are then shut back
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into the pages of a medical textbook,
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or an app,
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referenced only when needed.
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And for the public,
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medical illustrations may only be encountered passively
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on the walls of a doctor's office.
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From the beginnings of modern medicine,
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medical illustration,
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and therefore anatomy,
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have existed primarily within the realm of medical education.
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Yet there's something fascinating happening right now.
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Artists are breaking anatomy out of the confines of the medical world
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and are thrusting it into the public space.
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For the past nine years, I have been cataloguing and sharing
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this rise in anatomical art with the public --
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all from my perspective as a medical illustrator.
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But before I get into showing you how artists are reclaiming anatomy today,
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it's important to understand how art influenced anatomy in the past.
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Now, anatomy is by its very nature a visual science,
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and the first anatomists to understand this lived during the Renaissance.
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They relied on artists
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to help advertise their discoveries to their peers in the public.
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And this drive to not only teach but also to entertain
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resulted in some of the strangest anatomical illustrations.
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Anatomy was caught in a struggle between science, art and culture
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that lasted for over 500 years.
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Artists rendered dissected cadavers as alive,
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posed in these humorous anatomical stripteases.
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Imagine seeing that in your textbooks today.
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They also showed them as very much dead --
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unwillingly stripped of their skin.
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Disembodied limbs were often posed in literal still lives.
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And some illustrations even included pop culture references.
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This is Clara,
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a famous rhinoceros that was traveling Europe in the mid-1700s,
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at a time when seeing a rhino was an exciting rarity.
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Including her in this illustration was akin to celebrity sponsorship today.
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The introduction of color
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then brought a whole new depth and clarity to anatomy
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that made it stunning.
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By the early 20th century,
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the perfect balance of science and art had finally been struck
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with the emergence of medical illustrators.
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They created a universal representation of anatomy --
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something that was neither alive nor dead,
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that was free from those influences of artistic culture.
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And this focus on no-frills accuracy
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was precisely for the benefit of medical education.
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And this is what we get to study from today.
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But why is it that medical illustration --
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both past and present --
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captures our imaginations?
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Now, we are innately tuned into the beauty of the human body.
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And medical illustration is still art.
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Nothing can elicit an emotional response --
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from joy to complete disgust --
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more than the human body.
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And today,
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artists armed with that emotion,
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are grasping anatomy from the medical world,
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and are reinvigorating it through art in the most imaginative ways.
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A perfect example of this is Spanish contemporary artist Fernando Vicente.
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He takes 19th century anatomical illustrations of the male body
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and envelops them in a female sensuality.
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The women in his paintings taunt us to view beyond their surface anatomy,
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thereby introducing a strong femininity
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that was previously lacking in the history of anatomical representation.
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Artistry can also be seen in the repair and recovery of the human body.
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This is an X-ray of a woman who fractured and dislocated her ankle
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in a roller-skating accident.
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As a tribute to her trauma,
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she commissioned Montreal-based architect Federico Carbajal
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to construct a wire sculpture of her damaged lower leg.
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Now, notice those bright red screws magnified in the sculpture.
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These are the actual surgical screws used in reconstructing her ankle.
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It's medical hardware that's been repurposed as art.
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People often ask me how I choose the art that I showcase online
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or feature in gallery shows.
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And for me it's a balance between the technique
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and a concept that pushes the boundaries of anatomy as a way to know thyself,
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which is why the work of Michael Reedy struck me.
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His serious figure drawings are often layered in elements of humor.
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For instance, take a look at her face.
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Notice those red marks.
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Michael manifests the consuming insecurity of a skin condition
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as these maniacal cartoon monsters
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annoying and out of control in the background.
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On the mirrored figure,
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he renders the full anatomy
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and covers it in glitter,
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making it look like candy.
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By doing this,
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Michael downplays the common perception of anatomy
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so closely tied to just disease and death.
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Now, this next concept might not make much sense,
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but human anatomy is no longer limited to humans.
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When you were a child,
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did you ever wish that your toys could come to life?
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Well, Jason Freeny makes those dreams come true
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with his magical toy dissections.
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(Laughter)
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One might think that this would bring a morbid edge
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to one's innocent childhood characters,
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but Jason says of his dissections,
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"One thing I've never seen in a child's reaction to my work is fear."
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It's always wonder,
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amazement
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and wanting to explore.
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Fear of anatomy and guts is a learned reaction.
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This anatomization also extends to politically and socially charged objects.
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In Noah Scalin's "Anatomy of War,"
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we see a gun dissected to reveal human organs.
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But if you look closely,
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you'll notice that it lacks a brain.
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And if you keep looking, you might also notice
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that Noah has so thoughtfully placed the rectum
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at the business end of that gun barrel.
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Now, this next artist I've been following for many years,
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watching him excite the public about anatomy.
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Danny Quirk is a young artist
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who paints his subjects in the process of self-dissection.
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He bends the rules of medical illustration
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by inserting a very dramatic light and shadow.
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And this creates a 3-D illusion
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that lends itself very well to painting directly on the human skin.
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Danny makes it look as if a person's skin has actually been removed.
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And this effect --
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also cool and tattoo-like --
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easily transitions into a medical illustration.
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Now Danny is currently traveling the world,
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teaching anatomy to the public via his body paintings,
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which is why it was so shocking to find out
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that he was rejected from medical illustration programs.
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But he's doing just fine.
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Then there are artists
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who are extracting anatomy from both the medical world and the art world
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and are placing it directly on the streets.
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London-based SHOK-1 paints giant X-rays of pop culture icons.
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His X-rays show how culture can come to have an anatomy of its own,
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and conversely how culture can become part of the anatomy of a person.
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You come to admire his work
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because reproducing X-rays by hand, let alone with spray paint,
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is extremely difficult.
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But then again this is a street artist,
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who also happens to hold a degree in applied chemistry.
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Nychos, an Austrian street artist,
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takes the term "exploded view" to a whole new level,
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splattering human and animal dissections on walls all over the world.
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Influenced by comics and heavy metal,
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Nychos inserts a very youthful and enticing energy into anatomy
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that I just love.
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Street artists believe that art belongs to the public.
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And this street anatomy is so captivating
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because it is the furthest removed from the medical world.
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It forces you to look at it,
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and confront your own perceptions about anatomy,
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whether you find it beautiful,
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gross,
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morbid
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or awe-inspiring, like I do.
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That it elicits these responses at all
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is due to our intimate and often changing relationship with it.
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All of the artists that I showed you here today
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referenced medical illustrations for their art.
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But for them,
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anatomy isn't just something to memorize,
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but a base from which to understand the human body on a meaningful level;
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to depict it in ways that we can relate,
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whether it be through cartoons,
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body painting
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or street art.
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Anatomical art has the power
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to reach far beyond the pages of a medical textbook,
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to ignite an excitement in the public,
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and reinvigorate an enthusiasm in the medical world,
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ultimately connecting our innermost selves with our bodies through art.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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