The inside story of the Paris climate agreement | Christiana Figueres

譯者: Hayley Kang 審譯者: 易帆 余

I have one more reason for optimism:

我樂觀的原因還有這個：

climate change.

那便是氣候變化。

Maybe you don't believe it, but here is the fact.

也許你們還不太相信， 然而這就是事實。

On December 12, 2015,

2015年的12月12日

in Paris, under the United Nations,

在法國巴黎的聯合國大會上，

195 governments got together

195 個國家齊聚一堂，

and unanimously --

達成了一致的共識 ——

if you've worked with governments, you know how difficult that is --

如果各位和政府打過交道， 各位應該知道這非常困難，

unanimously decided

全體達成一致的共識，

to intentionally change the course of the global economy

傾全心改變全球經濟的發展，

in order to protect the most vulnerable

來保障最弱勢的族群，

and improve the life of all of us.

並提升我們所有人的生活。

Now, that is a remarkable achievement.

這真的是一項了不起的成就。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

But it is even more remarkable

然而，更不得了的地方是，

if you consider where we had been just a few years ago.

如果各位回想一下，就在幾年前，

2009, Copenhagen.

2009年，在哥本哈根的會議。

Who remembers Copenhagen?

誰還記得哥本哈根會議？

Well, after years of working toward a climate agreement,

經過了長年累月 有關氣候協議的努力，

the same governments convened in Copenhagen

同樣的與會國家 被召集到哥本哈根，

and failed miserably.

結局卻是慘不忍睹。

Why did it fail miserably?

為什麽會這樣呢？

For many different reasons,

理由有很多，

but primarily because of the deeply entrenched divide

但最主要是因為 存在於南北半球國家之間，

between the global North and the global South.

那根深蒂固的分歧。

So now, six months after this failure,

然而如今，在失敗過後的六個月，

I was called in to assume the responsibility

我被委任接受這項

全球氣候變化談判的職責。

of the global climate change negotiations.

You can imagine, the perfect moment to start this new job.

你可以想像，現在開始進行 這項新工作真的是最佳時刻啊！

The global mood on climate change was in the trash can.

全球對氣候變化的關懷 簡直是被丟到垃圾桶了。

No one believed

根本沒有人會相信

that a global agreement could ever be possible.

全球能在此問題上達成共識。

In fact, neither did I.

實際上，我也是這麽想的。

If you promise not to tell anyone outside of this wonderful TED audience,

如果在座優秀的 TED 觀眾， 大家保證能守口如瓶的話，

I'm going to divulge a secret

我準備告訴各位一個秘密，

that has been gratefully buried by history.

這個秘密一直被 歷史完好封存著。

On my first press conference,

在我首次的新聞發布會上，

a journalist asked, "Um, Ms. Figueres,

有名記者提問到： “ 嗯，菲格雷斯女士，

do you think that a global agreement is ever going to be possible?"

妳認為全球共識有可能實現嗎？”

And without engaging brain, I heard me utter,

我大腦還沒反應過來時， 卻聽見自己竟脫口說出，

"Not in my lifetime."

“我這輩子都不可能...”

Well, you can imagine the faces of my press team

各位可以想象我的 新聞團隊他們臉上的表情，

who were horrified at this crazy Costa Rican woman

大家都被這個來自 哥斯達黎加的瘋女人嚇到，

who was their new boss.

而且這個女人 還是他們的新上司。

And I was horrified, too.

其實，我當時也被自己嚇到了。

Now, I wasn't horrified at me, because I'm kind of used to myself.

我並非被那個自己 早已習慣的風格所嚇到，

I was actually horrified

我真正害怕的是，

at the consequences of what I had just said,

我說出去的話所帶來的後果，

at the consequences for the world

及這個我們子子孫孫 都還要生活的世界

in which all our children are going to have to live.

所帶來的後果。

It was frankly a horrible moment for me,

那一刻對我來說真是可怕，

and I thought, well, no, hang on,

然後我想，不，等等，

hang on.

等等，

Impossible is not a fact,

「不可能」不是一個 既定的事實，

it's an attitude.

而是一種「態度」。

It's only an attitude.

這僅僅是一種態度。

And I decided right then and there that I was going to change my attitude

就在那刻， 我立刻改變了我的態度，

and I was going to help the world change its attitude on climate change.

我也要幫助這個世界， 來改變他們對氣候變化的態度。

So I don't know --

所以，我不知道——

No, just this? Thanks.

不，就是這個？謝謝。

I don't know --

我不知道——

what you would do

如果你被告知你的工作是 要來拯救這個星球，

if you were told your job is to save the planet.

你會怎麽做？

Put that on the job description.

然後把它寫到你的工作描述中。

And you have full responsibility,

而且你要負起全責，

but you have absolutely no authority,

但你卻完全沒有被授權，

because governments are sovereign in every decision that they take.

因為政府才是每個決策 的最高統治者。

Well, I would really love to know

我著實很想了解，

what you would do on the first Monday morning,

各位在第一個星期一 的早晨，會怎麽做？

but here's what I did: I panicked.

但我當時是：極度恐慌。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And then I panicked again,

接著，我還是感到害怕，

because I realized I have no idea how we're going to solve this problem.

因為我意識到，我根本不知道 該如何解決這個問題。

And then I realized I have no idea how we're going to solve this problem,

之後我還是一樣意識到， 我不知道該如何解決這個問題。

but I do know one thing:

但我知道一點：

we have got to change the tone of this conversation.

我們必須要改變這樣的對話氛圍。

Because there is no way you can deliver victory

如果不積極去面對，

without optimism.

是不可能成功的。

And here,

在此，

I use optimism as a very simple word,

我用「正面向上」這個非常簡單的詞 來形容這件事的解決方式，

but let's understand it in its broader sense.

但讓我們先從廣義層面上 來理解這個詞。

Let's understand it as courage,

讓我們把它理解為勇氣、

hope, trust, solidarity,

希望、信任以及齊心協力，

the fundamental belief that we humans can come together

秉持著人類能夠團結在一起 的基本信念，

and can help each other to better the fate of mankind.

以及能夠為了人類 將來的幸福而相互幫助。

Well, you can imagine that I thought that without that,

各位可以試想一下， 如果我不這麽想，

there was no way we were going to get out of the paralysis of Copenhagen.

可能我們便沒有辦法 從哥本哈根的爛攤子裏走出來。

And for six years,

這六年來，

I have stubbornly, relentlessly injected optimism into the system,

我懷抱著不屈不饒的態度， 向這個體系注入樂觀主義，

no matter what the questions from the press --

無論媒體會提出甚麼樣的質疑——

and I have gotten better at those --

我現在變得更會處理這些質疑了——

and no matter what the evidence to the contrary.

而且，無論對立面有著怎樣的證據。

And believe you me, there has been a lot of contrary evidence.

相信我，反證一直有很多。

But relentless optimism into the system.

但隨著不屈不饒地 把樂觀主義帶入體系，

And pretty soon,

很快地，

we began to see changes happening in many areas,

我們開始在很多領域裏 看到了改變，

precipitated by thousands of people,

數以千計的人參與其中，

including many of you here today,

也包括今天在座的各位，

and I thank you.

對此，我向你們表達我的謝意。

And this TED community will not be surprised

我想，TED 社群應該對我 待會要說的不會感到驚訝，

if I tell you the first area

我向各位報告，

in which we saw remarkable change

我們所看到第一個 了不起改變的領域，

was ...

就是...

technology.

科技。

We began to see that clean technologies,

我們開始看到新的綠能科技 一直陸陸續續出來，

in particular renewable energy technologies,

特別是再生能源技術，

began to drop price and increase in capacity,

從降低成本開始， 到提升容量，

to the point where today we are already building

到如今我們已經建造出來的

concentrated solar power plants

太陽能發電廠，

that have the capacity to power entire cities,

可以產出足夠的能量 供給整個城市，

to say nothing of the fact of what we are doing on mobility

更不用提，我們現在

and intelligent buildings.

正在建造的智慧行動建築物。

And with this shift in technologies,

因這些科技的轉變，

we were able to begin to understand

我們也有能力開始了解到

that there was a shift in the economic equation,

經濟模式上的轉變，

because we were able to recognize

因為大家都認同...

that yes, there are huge costs to climate change,

沒錯，氣候變化會讓我們 付出巨大的代價，

and yes, there are compounded risks.

沒錯，其中也有各種風險。

But there also are economic advantages

但也有經濟效益

and intrinsic benefits,

及本質上的好處，

because the dissemination of the clean technologies

因為綠能科技的散播，

is going to bring us cleaner air,

能夠帶給我們更新鮮的空氣、

better health,

更健康的生活、

better transportation, more livable cities,

更順暢的交通、 更多的宜居城市、

more energy security,

更多安全的能源，

more energy access to the developing world.

以及能夠幫助更多 發展中國家能源的出口。

In sum, a better world than what we have now.

總而言之，一個比我們現在 還要好的世界。

And with that understanding,

有了這樣的體悟，

you should have witnessed, in fact, part of you were,

各位應該都已見證到，事實上，

the spread of ingenuity and excitement

部分人已經感受到 聰明才智和興奮的蔓延，

that went through, first through nonnational governments,

已經首先蔓延到非國家政府組織，

the private sector, captains of industry, insurance companies,

私營企業、資本產業、保險公司、

investors, city leaders, faith communities,

投資人、城市領導人、宗教團體，

because they all began to understand, this actually can be in their interest.

因為他們都開始了解， 這著實和他們的切身利益有關。

This can actually improve their bottom line.

這確實可以帶給他們很多好處。

And it wasn't just the usual suspects.

而這並不是常有的事。

I have to tell you I had the CEO of a major, major oil and gas company

我必須告訴各位，我有位大型 石油天然氣公司的首席執行官，

come to me at the beginning of last year

在去年年初的時候找到我，

and say --

和我說道 --

privately, of course --

當然，是私底下 --

he did not know how he was going to change his company,

他當時不知道 該如何改變目前的公司狀況，

but he is going to change it,

但是他有這個打算，

because he's interested in long-term viability.

因為他注重的是 公司長久的生存之道。

Well, now we have a shift in the economic equation,

現在，我們在經濟平衡 方面有了轉變，

and with that, with broader support from everyone,

而由於這個轉變 及大家廣泛的支持，

it did not take very long before we saw that national governments

不用多久的時間，我們就可以看到

各國政府在對自身國家利益上的覺醒 應該也快到來了。

woke up to the fact that this is in their national interest.

And when we asked countries to begin to identify

而當我們開始要求各國政府提出計畫，

how they could contribute to global efforts

如何在兼顧自己國家的利益前提下， 同時為全球做出貢獻，

but based on their national interest,

189 countries out of 195,

195 個裡面，有189 個國家，

189 countries sent their comprehensive climate change plans,

這189個國家已經送出了

對氣候變化全方位的改善計畫。

based on their national interest,

不僅基於國家利益上，

concurrent with their priorities,

他們的優先發展事項，

consistent with their national sustainable development plans.

也都能與各國永續發展計劃相輔相成。

Well,

當然，

once you protect the core interests of nations,

一旦你保護了各國的核心利益，

then you can understand that nations were ready

你就會了解到，各國也都準備好

to begin to converge onto a common path,

開始通往同一條道路，

onto a common direction of travel

大家為同一個方向努力，

that is going to take us probably several decades,

這也許會花我們數十年的時間，

but over those several decades is going to take us

但過了這數十年後，

into the new economy,

一個展新的經濟繁榮時代，

into a decarbonized, highly resilient economy,

一個脫碳化、高強度晉升 的經濟時代。

And the national contributions that are currently on the table

目前檯面上這些代表各國政府

on behalf of national governments

對我們環境貢獻所提出的計畫

are insufficient to get us to a stabilized climate,

雖然不足以帶給我們 一個穩定的氣候，

but they are only the first step,

但他們已經邁出了第一步，

and they will improve over time.

而且他們會隨著時間，持續改進。

And the measurement, reporting and verification of all of those efforts

而這些結果的衡量、匯報以及檢驗，

is legally binding.

都是具有法律約束力的。

And the checkpoints that we're going to have every five years

而我們每五年所要面對的檢驗關卡，

to assess collective progress towards our goal are legally binding,

包括為了達到我們目標 對總體進展的檢驗，

and the path itself toward a decarbonized and more resilient economy

以及通往減碳、強勁的 經濟復甦道路所進行的檢驗，

is legally binding.

都是具有法律約束力的。

And here's the more important part:

還有更重要的是：

What did we have before?

我們之前有的是什麼？

A very small handful of countries

只有少數幾個國家，

who had undertaken very reduced,

做到了非常少量、

short-term emission reduction commitments

短期的減碳承諾，

that were completely insufficient

但這根本完全不夠，

and furthermore, largely perceived as a burden.

此外，很大程度上， 減碳被各國視為是一種負擔。

Now what do we have?

那現在我們擁有什麼？

Now we have all countries of the world contributing with different intensities

我們現在有的是，世界各個國家 用不同的方式

在不同的區域、不同的領域 做出他們的貢獻，

from different approaches in different sectors,

but all of them contributing to a common goal

但大家都是為了同一個目標，

and along a path

朝著同一方向前進，

with environmental integrity.

為全球永續環境努力。

Well, once you have all of this in place

一旦所有事物都適得其所，

and you have shifted this understanding,

你也開始改變想法，

then you see that governments were able to go to Paris

那你就會看到各國政府 都有能力可以前往巴黎

and adopt the Paris agreement.

並接受巴黎的協議。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

So,

所以，

as I look back

當我回顧這一切，

over the past six years,

回顧過去的這六年，

first I remember

跳出的第一件事，

the day the Paris agreement was adopted.

便是巴黎協議被采納的那天。

I cannot tell you the euphoria in the room.

我無法形容當時 在那個空間裏的興奮度。

5,000 people jumping out of their seats,

5000個人都高興的 從椅子上跳了起來，

crying, clapping, screaming, yelling,

哭泣，鼓掌，尖叫，吶喊著，

torn between euphoria and still disbelief at what they had just seen,

大家高興到簡直不敢相信 他們剛剛所見證到的事情。

because so many people

因為有太多的人，

had worked for years towards this, and this was finally their reality.

為達成這個目標努力了好幾年， 而現在終於實現了。

And it wasn't just those who had participated directly.

而這不僅僅是 直接參與的那些人很高興。

A few weeks ago, I was with a colleague

幾周前，我的一位同事也是，

who was trying to decide

他當時在為他美麗的妻子Natasha，

on a Tahitian pearl that he wanted to give to his wonderful wife Natasha.

挑選大溪地珍珠作為禮物的時候。

And once he had finally decided what he was going to buy,

在他最後決定要買哪一個的時候，

the jeweler said to him,

珠寶店員和他說道，

"You know, you're very lucky that you're buying this now,

“你知道嗎，你現在 買下這個十分幸運，

because these pearls could go extinct very soon because of climate change."

因為這些珍珠會因為氣候變化， 很快就都找不到了。”

"But," the jeweler said, "have you heard,

“但是，”店員又說，“你有聽說了嗎，

the governments have just come to a decision,

政府剛提出一個決策，

and Tahiti could have a chance."

讓大溪地可能還有一線希望。”

Well, what a fantastic confirmation

是的，多麼棒的證實，

that perhaps, perhaps here is hope,

可能，有可能便有希望，

here is a possible chance.

這裡就可能有一線希望。

I'm the first one to recognize that we have a lot of work still to do.

我是第一個體認到 我們還有很多事要去做的人。

We've only just started our work on climate change.

在氣候變化的問題上， 我們僅僅只是剛開始而已。

And in fact, we need to make sure that we redouble our efforts

事實上，我們還需要確保我們能夠，

over the next five years that are the urgent five years.

在接下來十分重要的五年內， 能加倍我們的努力。

But I do believe

但我真的相信，

that we have come over the past six years

大家這六年來，

from the impossible

我們已經從曾經不可能的泥沼，

to the now unstoppable.

成長到如今的勢不可擋的局面。

And how did we do that? By injecting transformational optimism

而我們又是如何做到的呢？就是 藉由注入具有轉變意義的樂觀態度，

that allowed us to go from confrontation to collaboration,

讓我們彼此從對峙走到合作，

that allowed us to understand that national and local interests

讓我們理解國家和當地的利益，

are not necessarily at odds with global needs,

沒必要與全球的需求分道揚鑣，

and that if we understand that, we can bring them together

並且如果我們理解這點，

and we can merge them harmoniously.

我們就能夠讓大家 團結起來和睦相處。

And as I look forward to other global issues

當然，我也期望其它的全球議題，

that will require our attention this century --

也能在這個世紀得到我們的關注--

food security, water security, home security, forced migration --

食品安全，水源安全， 家庭保全，強制移民 --

I see that we certainly do not know

我想我們目前還不是十分清楚，

how we are going to solve those problems yet.

該如何解決這些問題。

But we can take a page out of what we have done on climate change

但我們能為氣候變化上做出的貢獻， 畫下新的篇章，

and we can understand

並且我們知道，

that we have got to reinterpret the zero-sum mentality.

我們應該重新解釋 零和（不是輸就是贏）的想法。

Because we were trained to believe that there always are winners and losers,

因為我們從小就被灌輸， 有贏家就必定有輸家的觀念，

and that your loss is my gain.

被灌輸別人的損失， 就是我的獲利的觀念。

Well, now that we're in a world

然而，我們共同生活在同個世界，

in which we have reached planetary boundaries

一個我們都會碰到 許多界限的世界，

and that we are not just so interconnected,

我們並非只是相互聯結，

but increasingly interdependent on each other,

更是相互依靠，

your loss is no longer my gain.

你的損失，不再是我的獲利。

We're either all losers

我們要麼全都是輸家，

or we all can be winners.

或者要麼全都是贏家。

But we are going to have to decide

但我們需要在零和遊戲中做出選擇，

between zero and sum.

We're going to have to decide between zero benefit for all

我們需要在「大家都贏」和 「大家都輸」這兩者之間作出選擇。

or living life as the sum of all of us.

We've done it once. We can do it again.

我們曾經做到， 我們還可以再次做到。

Thanks.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）