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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni
Reviewer: Morton Bast
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譯者: Wang-Ju Tsai
審譯者: Ho-chung Chou
00:15
Well, I was introduced as
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好,介紹中說我是
00:18
the former Governor of Michigan,
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密西根前州長
00:20
but actually I'm a scientist.
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但其實我是一名科學家
00:23
All right, a political scientist, it doesn't really count,
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好吧,一名政治科學家,算不上正牌貨
00:26
but my laboratory was the laboratory of democracy
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但我的實驗室是民主實驗室
00:30
that is Michigan, and, like any good scientist,
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即密西根州,一如任何的優秀科學家
00:33
I was experimenting with policy
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我正在試驗政策
00:36
about what would achieve the greatest good
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內容是如何為多數人
00:39
for the greatest number.
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創造最大福祉
00:41
But there were three problems, three enigmas
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但其中存在三個問題、三個難題
00:45
that I could not solve,
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是我無法解決的
00:48
and I want to share with you those problems,
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我想跟大家分享這些問題
00:51
but most importantly,
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但最重要的是
00:53
I think I figured out a proposal for a solution.
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我認為我已想出一個解決方案
00:57
The first problem
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第一個問題
00:59
that not just Michigan, but every state, faces is,
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不僅是密西根州
也是每個州都面臨的問題
01:01
how do you create good jobs in America
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如何在全球經濟市場
01:04
in a global economy?
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替美國創造好工作?
01:06
So let me share with you some empirical data from my lab.
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因此我想與大家分享
一些來自我實驗室的經驗資料
01:09
I was elected in 2002 and, at the end of my first year in office in 2003,
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我於2002年當選州長
就任屆滿一年後的2003年
01:14
I got a call from one of my staff members, who said,
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我接到一位幕僚的電話,他說
01:16
"Gov, we have a big problem.
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「州長,我們有個大麻煩」
01:19
We have a little tiny community called Greenville, Michigan,
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「密西根州有個名叫格林維爾的小社區」
01:22
population 8,000,
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「人口八千」
01:25
and they are about to lose their major employer,
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「即將失去最大的雇主」
01:27
which is a refrigerator factory that's operated by Electrolux."
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「即伊萊克斯公司經營的冰箱工廠」
01:32
And I said, "Well, how many people work at Electrolux?"
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我說,「好,多少居民
任職於伊萊克斯公司?」
01:35
And he said, "3,000 of the 8,000 people in Greenville."
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他說,「八千位
格林維爾居民中的三千人」
01:40
So it is a one-company town.
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所以這城鎮只有一間公司
01:43
And Electrolux was going to go to Mexico.
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伊萊克斯打算遷往墨西哥
01:48
So I said, "Forget that. I'm the new Governor.
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於是我說:「別擔心,我是新州長」
01:50
We can fix this. We're going to go to Greenville
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「我們可以解決
這個問題,我們去格林維爾看看」
01:53
with my whole cabinet and we will just
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「帶上全體閣員」
01:55
make Electrolux an offer they can't refuse."
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「然後給伊萊克斯一個無法拒絕的提議」
01:58
So I brought my whole cabinet,
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因此我帶領全體閣員
02:00
and we met with all of the pooh-bahs of little Greenville --
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與格林維爾所有顯要人士見面 -
02:04
the mayor, the city manager, the head of the community college --
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市長、市政執行長、社區學院院長 -
02:07
and we basically emptied our pockets
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我們可以說連壓箱寶都掏出來了
02:11
and put all of our chips on the table,
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將所有籌碼攤在桌上
02:14
incentives, you name it, to convince Electrolux to stay,
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即所謂的獎勵措施
要說服伊萊克斯留下
02:18
and as we made our pile of chips,
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我們拿出所有籌碼
02:20
we slid them across the table to the management of Electrolux.
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推過桌面,送到伊萊克斯主管面前
02:25
And in the pile were things like zero taxes for 20 years,
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這些籌碼包括免稅 20 年
02:29
or that we'd help to build a new factory for the company,
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或我們會協助該公司蓋一座新工廠
02:33
we'd help to finance it. The UAW, who represented the workers,
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提供金援
代表工人的UAW(美國汽車工會)說
02:36
said they would offer unprecedented concessions,
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他們會提供前所未有的優惠
02:40
sacrifices to just keep those jobs in Greenville.
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所有犧牲只為了將工作留在格林維爾
02:44
So the management of Electrolux took our pile,
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於是伊萊克斯主管拿起籌碼
02:47
our list of incentives, and they went outside the room
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即我們列出的獎勵,他們走出房間
02:49
for 17 minutes,
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商量了17分鐘
02:52
and they came back in and they said,
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他們回來後,開口說
02:54
"Wow, this is the most generous
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「哇,這是有史以來」
02:57
any community has ever been to try to keep jobs here.
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「社區為了留住
工作機會所做過最慷慨的提議」
03:02
But there's nothing you can do
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「但依然無法彌補差額」
03:05
to compensate for the fact that we can pay $1.57 an hour
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「事實上,我們在墨西哥的華雷斯」
03:09
in Juarez, Mexico. So we're leaving."
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「支付的時薪只有 1.57 美元。因此我們會搬遷」
03:13
And they did. And when they did, it was like
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他們要搬了。他們決定這樣做時
03:16
a nuclear bomb went off in little Greenville.
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像是在小小的格林維爾引爆了一枚核彈
03:19
In fact, they did implode the factory.
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事實上,這確實震驚了整個工廠
03:21
That's a guy that is walking on his last day of work.
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圖中這男子是最後一天上班
03:25
And on the month that the last refrigerator rolled off the assembly line,
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最後一個冰箱通過裝配線的那個月
03:29
the employees of Electrolux in Greenville, Michigan,
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密西根州格林維爾的伊萊克斯雇員
03:32
had a gathering for themselves that they called the last supper.
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自行舉辦了一場聚會
他們稱之為最後的晚餐
03:37
It was in a big pavilion in Greenville, an indoor pavilion,
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地點在格林維爾一座大型室內展覽館
03:40
and I went to it because I was so frustrated as Governor
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我參加了那場聚會
因為身為州長的我沮喪萬分
03:45
that I couldn't stop the outflow of these jobs,
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我無力阻止這些工作外流
03:49
and I wanted to grieve with them,
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我想與他們共同承擔這份悲傷
03:51
and as I went into the room-- there's thousands of people there.
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我走進館內時,已有上千人到場
03:55
It was a just big thing. People were eating boxed lunches
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這是一場盛大的聚會,人們吃著便當
03:58
on roundtop tables, and there was a sad band playing music,
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圍在圓桌旁
一個悲傷的樂團演奏著音樂
04:03
or a band playing sad music, probably both. (Laughter)
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或者說一個樂團演奏著
悲傷的音樂,或許兩者皆是(笑聲)
04:06
And this guy comes up to me,
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一名男子來到我面前
04:10
and he's got tattoos and his ponytail and his baseball cap on,
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刺青、綁馬尾、戴棒球帽
04:13
and he had his two daughters with him,
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他帶著兩個女兒
04:16
and he said, "Gov, these are my two daughters."
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他說:「州長,這兩個是我女兒」
04:20
He said, "I'm 48 years old,
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他說:「我今年48歲」
04:23
and I have worked at this factory for 30 years.
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「我在這間工廠工作了30年」
04:27
I went from high school to factory.
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「我高中畢業後就進了工廠」
04:30
My father worked at this factory," he said.
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「我父親在這間工廠工作,」他說
04:32
"My grandfather worked at this factory.
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「我祖父在這間工廠工作」
04:35
All I know is how to make refrigerators."
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「我只知道怎麼製造冰箱」
04:40
And he looked at his daughters,
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他看著兩個女兒
04:42
and he puts his hand on his chest,
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將手放在胸口
04:44
and he says, "So, Gov, tell me,
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然後說,「所以,州長,請告訴我」
04:47
who is ever going to hire me?
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「還有誰會雇用我?」
04:52
Who is ever going to hire me?"
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「還有誰會雇用我?」
04:55
And that was asked not just by that guy
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這不僅是這名男子的疑問
04:59
but by everyone in the pavilion,
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也是館內每個人的疑問
05:02
and frankly, by every worker at one of the 50,000 factories
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坦白說,也是本世紀第一個十年內
05:07
that closed in the first decade of this century.
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五萬間歇業工廠中每位工人的疑問
05:12
Enigma number one: How do you create jobs
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第一個難題:如何在全球經濟市場
05:15
in America in a global economy?
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替美國創造就業機會?
05:17
Number two, very quickly:
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我很快地說明第二個難題:
05:19
How do you solve global climate change
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如何解決全球氣候變化問題
05:22
when we don't even have a national energy policy in this country
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在我國甚至連國家能源政策都沒有
05:26
and when gridlock in Congress seems to be the norm?
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而國會僵局似乎已成常態時?
05:31
In fact, there was a poll that was done recently
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事實上,最近所做的一項民調中
05:35
and the pollster compared Congress's approval ratings
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民調機構將國會支持率
05:39
to a number of other unpleasant things,
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與一些令人不快的事物比較
05:41
and it was found, in fact, that Congress's approval rating
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調查發現,事實上,國會支持率
05:45
is worse than cockroaches,
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比蟑螂
05:48
lice, Nickelback the band, root canals and Donald Trump. (Laughter)
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蝨子、五分錢樂團
根管治療和唐納.川普還糟(笑聲)
05:55
But wait, the good news is it's at least better
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但別急,好消息是至少勝過
05:59
than meth labs and gonorrhea. (Laughter)
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製毒實驗室和淋病(笑聲)
06:04
We got a problem, folks.
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問題大了,伙伴們
06:08
So it got me thinking, what is it?
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因此這讓我思考,到底是怎麼回事?
06:09
What in the laboratory that I see out there,
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我眼前的實驗室
06:13
the laboratories of democracy, what has happened?
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我眼前的民主實驗室到底怎麼了?
06:15
What policy prescriptions have happened
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到底有哪些政策法規
06:18
that actually cause changes to occur
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真的能引發變化的政策
06:20
and that have been accepted in a bipartisan way?
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曾經獲得兩黨支持?
06:23
So if I asked you, for example,
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因此,如果我問大家,例如
06:25
what was the Obama Administration policy
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歐巴馬政府有哪些政策
06:27
that caused massive changes across the country,
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曾導致整個國家產生巨大變化
06:30
what would you say?
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你們會說什麼?
06:31
You might say Obamacare, except for those were not voluntary changes.
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你們或許會說歐巴馬健保法案
除了那些非自願的改變
06:35
As we know, only half the states have opted in.
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就我們所知,只有半數州贊成
06:38
We might say the Recovery Act, but those didn't require policy changes.
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你們或許會說
經濟復甦法案,但那不需要改變政策
06:41
The thing that caused massive policy changes to occur
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造成大規模變化的政策
06:46
was Race to the Top for education.
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是「邁向巔峰」(Race to the Top)教育政策
06:48
Why? The government put a $4.5 billion pot
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為什麼?政府提供45億美元資金
06:51
and said to the governors across the country, compete for it.
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讓全國州長爭取
06:55
Forty-eight governors competed,
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48名州長參與競爭
06:58
convincing 48 state legislatures to essentially
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說服48個州議會
07:01
raise standards for high schoolers
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從根本提升高中生素質
07:03
so that they all take a college prep curriculum.
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使他們全都參與大學預備課程
07:06
Forty-eight states opted in, creating a national [education] policy from the bottom up.
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48州紛紛響應,從基層
制定國家能源(訂正:教育)政策
07:11
So I thought, well, why can't we do something like that
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因此我想,好,為何我們不如法炮製
07:14
and create a clean energy jobs race to the top?
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制訂潔淨能源的「邁向巔峰」政策?
07:18
Because after all, if you look at the context,
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因為話說回來,如果觀察整體局勢
07:20
1.6 trillion dollars has been invested in the past eight years
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過去 8 年中,1.6 兆美元的潔淨能源投資
07:24
from the private sector globally,
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來自全球私營機構
07:26
and every dollar represents a job,
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每一塊美元都代表一份工作
07:28
and where are those jobs going?
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這些工作流向何方?
07:30
Well, they're going to places that have policy, like China.
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好,流向擁有政策的地方,例如中國
07:32
In fact, I was in China to see what they were doing,
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事實上,我曾經
去中國,觀察他們的做法
07:34
and they were putting on a dog-and-pony show for the group that I was with,
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他們為我們的代表團舉行盛大表演
07:37
and I was standing in the back of the room during one of the demonstrations
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某場演出時,我站在房間後方
07:40
and standing next to one of the Chinese officials,
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站在一名中國官員身旁
07:43
and we were watching, and he says,
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我們觀賞演出時,他說
07:44
"So, Gov, when do you think the U.S. is going to get national energy policy?"
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「所以,州長,妳認為美國
何時能制定出國家能源政策?」
07:49
And I said, "Oh my God -- Congress, gridlock, who knows?"
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我說,「天啊 - 國會、僵局,誰知道?」
07:52
And this is what he did, he goes, he says,
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他的反應是 - 像這樣,然後說
07:56
"Take your time."
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「慢慢來」
07:59
Because they see our passivity as their opportunity.
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因為他們視我們的消極為他們的機會
08:04
So what if we decided to create
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因此,如果我們決定
08:07
a challenge to the governors of the country,
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替全國州長發起一項競爭
08:09
and the price to entry into this competition
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參與這場競爭的代價
08:12
used the same amount that the bipartisan group approved in Congress
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相當於兩黨於國會批准
08:16
for the Race to the Top for education, 4.5 billion,
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「邁向巔峰」教育政策的金額,45億美元
08:19
which sounds like a lot, but actually it's less than
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聽起來似乎是筆鉅款,但事實上少於
08:21
one tenth of one percent of federal spending.
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聯邦政府開銷的千分之一
08:23
It's a rounding error on the federal side.
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不過是聯邦預算的零頭
08:25
But price to entry into that competition would be,
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但參與這場競爭的代價
08:29
you could just, say, use the President's goal.
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可說符合總統的目標
08:33
He wants Congress to adopt a clean energy standard
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他希望國會於2030年達成
08:36
of 80 percent by 2030,
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採用 80 % 潔淨能源的目標
08:38
in other words, that you'd have to get 80 percent
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換句話說,到了2030年
08:40
of your energy from clean sources by the year 2030.
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你使用的能源必須有 80 % 來自潔淨能源
08:44
Why not ask all of the states to do that instead?
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為何不要求全國各州共襄盛舉?
08:46
And imagine what might happen,
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想像一下可能發生的情況
08:48
because every region has something to offer.
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因為每個地區都能提供某些資源
08:50
You might take states like Iowa and Ohio --
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不妨以愛荷華州和俄亥俄州為例 --
08:53
two very important political states, by the way --
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順帶一提,這是兩大政治關鍵州 --
08:55
those two governors, and they would say,
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兩位州長會說
08:57
we're going to lead the nation in producing
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我們將領頭生產
09:00
the wind turbines and the wind energy.
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風力渦輪機和風力
09:03
You might say the solar states, the sun belt,
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或以太陽能州、陽光地帶為例
09:06
we're going to be the states that produce solar energy for the country,
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他們將成為替國家生產太陽能的州
09:09
and maybe Jerry Brown says, "Well, I'm going to create
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也許Jerry Brown(加州州長)會說,「好,我會在加州」
09:12
an industry cluster in California
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「建立產業集群」
09:14
to be able to produce the solar panels
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「生產太陽能板」
09:16
so that we're not buying them from China
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「這樣我們就不需向中國採購」
09:17
but we're buying them from the U.S."
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「而向美國採購」
09:19
In fact, every region of the country could do this.
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事實上,全國各地都能如法炮製
09:23
You see, you've got solar and wind opportunity all across the nation.
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如你們所知
全國各地都有生產太陽能和風力的機會
09:27
In fact, if you look just at the upper and northern states
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事實上,如果以上方的北部各州為例
09:31
in the West, they could do geothermal,
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西側區域可生產地熱
09:33
or you could look at Texas and say,
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或考慮德州的情況
09:35
we could lead the nation in the solutions to smart grid.
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他們可領頭建設智慧電網
09:39
In the middle eastern states which have access to forests
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中部及東部各州擁有樹林
09:43
and to agricultural waste, they might say,
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和閒置農地,他們或許會說
09:45
we're going to lead the nation in biofuels.
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我們將領頭生產生質燃料
09:48
In the upper northeast, we're going to lead the nation
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東北各州會說,我們將領頭解決
09:50
in energy efficiency solutions.
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能源效率問題
09:53
Along the eastern seaboard, we're going to lead the nation
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東部沿岸各州會說,我們將領頭建設
09:56
in offshore wind.
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海上風力發電廠
09:58
You might look at Michigan and say, we're going to lead the nation
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或考慮密西根州的情況,我們可領頭生產
10:00
in producing the guts for the electric vehicle, like the lithium ion battery.
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電動車供電裝置,例如鋰電池
10:04
Every region has something to offer,
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每個地區都能提供某些資源
10:08
and if you created a competition,
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如果發起一項競爭
10:10
it respects the states and it respects federalism.
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有利於各州,亦有利於聯邦
10:14
It's opt-in. You might even get Texas and South Carolina,
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它將獲得支持,甚至可能
獲得德州和南卡羅萊納州的支持
10:18
who didn't opt into the education Race to the Top,
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這兩州並未支持「邁向巔峰」教育政策
10:20
you might even get them to opt in. Why?
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這項競爭甚至可能
獲得他們的支持,為什麼?
10:23
Because Republican and Democratic governors
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因為共和黨和民主黨州長
10:25
love to cut ribbons.
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都喜歡剪綵
10:27
We want to bring jobs. I'm just saying.
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我們希望引入就業機會,剛剛只是說說罷了
10:31
And it fosters innovation at the state level
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這將促進各州的創新
10:34
in these laboratories of democracy.
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在這些民主實驗室
10:36
Now, any of you who are watching anything about politics lately
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現在,任何關注當前政治局勢的人
10:41
might say, "Okay, great idea, but really?
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或許會說
「嗯,很棒的主意,但可行嗎?」
10:43
Congress putting four and a half billion dollars on the table?
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「讓國會將45億美元納入預算審查?」
10:46
They can't agree to anything."
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「他們一毛也不會同意」
10:48
So you could wait and go through Congress,
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因此你可以等待國會審查
10:52
although you should be very impatient.
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但必定會十分不耐煩
10:54
Or, you renegades, we could go around Congress.
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或者,你可以採取
不同做法,我們可以繞過國會
11:02
Go around Congress.
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繞過國會
11:04
What if we created a private sector challenge to the governors?
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假設我們替州長發起
由私營機構提供的競爭?
11:10
What if several of the high-net worth companies
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如果某些擁有高淨值資產的公司和個人
11:15
and individuals who are here at TED decided
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此時剛好在TED現場,決定
11:20
that they would create, band together, just a couple of them,
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攜手合作,只要其中幾位
11:23
and create a national competition to the governors
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建立提供給州長的全國性競爭
11:27
to have a race to the top
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發起「邁向巔峰」競爭
11:29
and see how the governors respond?
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觀察這些州長的反應?
11:32
What if it all started here at TED?
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如果這一切全都從TED現場開始?
11:36
What if you were here
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如果在座各位
11:39
when we figured out how to crack the code
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想出如何打破僵局
11:44
to create good paying jobs in America -- (Applause) --
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替美國創造高薪工作-(掌聲)
11:50
and get national energy policy
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提出國家能源政策
11:54
and we created a national energy strategy from the bottom up?
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從基層建立國家能源政策?
12:00
Because, dear TEDsters,
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因為,親愛的TED會員們
12:03
if you are impatient like I am,
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如果你們像我一樣沒耐心
12:06
you know that our economic competitors,
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你們知道我們的經濟競爭對手
12:09
our other nations, are in the game
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其他對手國已加入這場競爭
12:13
and are eating us for lunch.
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分食我們的工作機會
12:15
And we can get in the game or not.
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我們可以選擇是否加入這場競爭
12:20
We can be at the table or we can be on the table.
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我們可以選擇旁觀或加入戰局
12:24
And I don't know about you,
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我不知道你們的想法
12:26
but I prefer to dine.
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但我寧可加入其中
12:29
Thank you all so much. (Applause)
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十分感謝(掌聲)
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