Buildings that blend nature and city | Jeanne Gang

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Camille Martínez

譯者: David Hsu 審譯者: Melody Tang

I'm a relationship builder.

我是一位人際關係創造者。

When you think of a relationship builder,

[金·給恩]

當你想到人際關係創造者，

don't you just automatically think "architect?"

你會自然想到建築師嗎？

Probably not.

可能不會吧。

That's because most people think architects design buildings and cities,

因為一般人腦海裡的建築師 只設計大樓或都市而已。

but what we really design are relationships,

但其實，我們的設計卻以 人與人之關係為重。

因為都市是人們聚集之地，

because cities are about people.

They're places where people come together for all kinds of exchange.

人們相聚做各種交換的地方。

And besides, skylines are highly specific urban habitats

此外，都市的天際線 更是都市特有的，

with their own insects, plants and animals,

擁有獨特的昆蟲，植物和動物，

and even their own weather.

甚至有獨特的小氣候。

But today, urban habitats are out of balance.

但時下的城市棲息地 已失去平衡了：

Climate change, together with political and economic troubles,

環球氣候變化， 加上政治和經濟問題，

are having an impact;

造成負面影響；

they're adding up and stressing out cities and us,

它們凝為龐大的壓力在 都市和我們身上，

都市的居民。

the people who live in them.

For me, the field of ecology has provided important insight,

生態學讓我洞察如何解決這些問題，

because ecologists don't just look at individual species on their own,

因為生態學不只看單一類生物，

they look at the relationships between living things

而是關注大生態內生物彼此的關係，

and their environment.

以及他們與周遭大環境的互動。

They look at how all the diverse parts of the ecosystem are interconnected,

他們試圖了解整個生態系統內的 各種不同部分如何相互連結，

and it's actually this balance, this web of life, that sustains life.

而這個平衡，交織的生命體， 才是維係著生命延續的關鍵。

我的團隊和我 把生態學的智慧用在建築上，

My team and I have been applying insights from ecology to architecture

to see how physical space can help build stronger relationships.

探討如何利用空間來 強化人際關係。

我今天要介紹的項目

The projects I'm going to show you today

都是以強化人際溝通為設計的核心。

use the idea of building relationships as the key driver for design.

Here's an example of what I mean.

這是一個例子：

Recently, we were asked to design a center for social justice leadership

最近我們應邀設計 一個社會正義領導中心

called the Arcus Center.

叫做阿克斯中心（Arcus Center）；

They asked us for a building that could break down traditional barriers

他們要求我們設計 一個能打破傳統族群間的隔膜，

他們要求我們設計 一個能打破傳統族群間的隔膜，

between different groups

and in doing so, create possibilities for meaningful conversations

因而促進各方坦率交流

有關社會正義話題的空間。

around social justice.

學生們要求一個 有助於文化交流的地方，

The students wanted a place for cultural exchange.

They thought a place for preparing food together could do that.

他們相信一個共用廚房 能達成這目的；

And they wanted to be welcoming to the outside community.

學生也希望這建築 能吸引周遭的居民進來。

They thought a fireplace could draw people in

他們相信一個壁爐能達成這目的，

and help start conversations.

和促進談話交流；

And everybody wanted the work of social justice to be visible

最終所有人希望

大眾都能關注社會公義之工作。

to the outside world.

There really wasn't a precedent for this kind of space,

這類建築沒有先例可循，

so we looked around the globe and found examples

我們搜索全球

找到一些社區會議屋子，

of community meeting houses.

Community meeting houses are places

在這些社區會議屋子中，

人與人之間的關係非常明確，

where there's very specific relationships between people,

像在馬里的這個， 是長老們會談用的：

like this one in Mali, where the elders gather.

超低的樓板強迫每人都要坐著， 彼此只能平視。

The low roof keeps everybody seated and at equal eye level.

It's very egalitarian.

它充滿著平等主義色彩；

I mean, you can't stand up and take over the meeting.

沒人能站著，指揮大局，

You'd actually bump your head.

站起來就碰頭了。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

In meeting houses, there's always a central space

這些社區會議屋子中 都有個中央空間，

where you can sit around a circle and see each other.

讓大家圍坐成一圈，互相對望。

So we designed a space just like that

所以我們設計同樣的空間

right in the middle of the Arcus Center,

在阿克斯中心的正中央，

and we anchored it with a fireplace and a kitchen.

我們也配備了一個大壁爐和 開放式的公眾廚房圍繞著它。

It's pretty hard to get a kitchen and a fireplace in a building like this

可是依建築規章，

要放一個大壁爐和公眾廚房 在這種建築是不容易的，

with the building codes,

but it was so important to the concept, we got it done.

但這是設計的靈魂── 我們贏得批准。

And now the central space works for big social gatherings

如今，這個中央空間可供大型聚會，

and a place to meet one-on-one for the very first time.

以及初次會面可單獨談話的地方，

它像個三叉路口，

It's almost like this three-way intersection

that encourages bumping into people and starting a conversation.

讓人不期而會，進而交談。

Now you can always pass the kitchen and see something going on.

每當你走過廚房時， 必可看到正在進行的活動，

You can sit by the fireplace and share stories.

你可選擇坐在壁爐前分享故事；

You can study together in big groups or in small ones,

或者你可與大團體 或少數人一起研討，

because the architecture sets up these opportunities.

因為建築的佈局是 同時支援多類用途的。

Even the construction is about building relationships.

甚至連建築選材也隱含 建立關係之妙義：

It's made of cordwood masonry,

它是使用木塊的砌體建築，

which is using logs the way you would use bricks.

用一塊塊木頭像磚塊般疊起來，

It's super low-tech and easy to do and anyone can do it --

非常的低科技和容易，誰都能做的。

and that's the entire point.

這也是設計原意。

The act of making is a social activity.

因為建造本身就是一種團體活動，

And it's good for the planet, too:

對地球而言也是環保的一招。

the trees absorbed carbon when they were growing up,

樹木在成長時吸二氧化碳

and they gave off oxygen,

吐出氧氣。

and now that carbon is trapped inside the walls

現在，這些碳留存在牆壁中，

and it's not being released into the atmosphere.

而不是釋放到大氣層中，

所以選用木頭為建材有 如同減少汽車污染的意義。

So making the walls is equivalent to taking cars right off the road.

We chose the building method

我們選用這建造模式，

因為它能聯繫人與人， 和人與大自然之關係。

because it connects people to each other and to the environment.

But is it working?

但這個設計有達到目的嗎？

Is it creating relationships and nurturing them?

它真能增益人與人聯繫嗎？

How can we know?

我們如何證實？

Well, more and more people are coming here, for one,

第一 ，越來越多人來阿克斯中心；

and as a result of the fireside chats

還有，得力於壁爐前交流的魅力，

and a full calendar of programming,

以及全年度的豐富活動安排，

people are applying for the Arcus Fellowships.

很多人申請加入阿克斯會員。

In fact, applications have increased tenfold for the Arcus Fellowship

事實上，申請書

從啟用那天到現在已增加了十倍。

since the building opened.

它是成功的， 也成功拉近人們之間的距離。

It's working. It's bringing people together.

這些例子示範了建築設計 如何在這種平面式，

So I've shown how architecture can connect people

on this kind of horizontal campus scale.

類似校園的空間中，拉近人的距離，

But we wondered if social relationships could be scaled up --

但我們也反問自己， 人際關係的孕育是否也能施展

or rather, upward -- in tall buildings.

在高層建築物呢？

高層大樓本身 就不是以交流作為重點。

Tall buildings don't necessarily lend themselves to being social buildings.

They can seem isolating and inward.

它們看起來就是孤獨和內斂的；

You might only see people in those awkward elevator rides.

通常我們只是在搭電梯的 尷尬時刻相遇。

But in several major cities, I've been designing tall buildings

但我在幾個大都市設計了

以強化人際關係為目的高層大廈，

that are based on creating relationships between people.

This is Aqua.

像這個大樓叫做水廈，

It's a residential high-rise in Chicago

是在芝加哥的高層住宅，

aimed at young urban professionals and empty nesters,

住戶對像是年輕的都市專業人士 和空巢父母，

many of them new to the city.

很多住戶還是首次定居在芝加哥。

With over 700 apartments, we wanted to see if we could use architecture

這大廈擁有超過 700 單位， 我們試者使用建築設計

to help people get to know their neighbors,

幫助鄰居建立新的友誼。

even when their homes are organized in the vertical dimension.

縱然這些單位都是垂直組織的，

So we invented a way to use balconies as the new social connectors.

我們突破地利用陽台為社交連接器。

The shapes of the floor slabs vary slightly and they transition

每層的樓面線條略有不同，

從下往上，

as you go up the tower.

The result of this is that you can actually see people

這個設計的結果是

你可在陽台上看到其他人。

from your balcony.

The balconies are misregistered.

陽台之周邊線 更是上下層參差不一的：

You can lean over your balcony and say, "Hey!"

你大可以在陽台上彎身 往下大喊 「嗨！」

just like you would across the backyard.

就像在傳統平房的後花園 一樣的喊叫鄰居。

To make the balconies more comfortable

為了讓住戶用陽台時更舒服，

for a longer period of time during the year,

同時在四季中， 盡量增長享用陽台的時間，

we studied the wind with digital simulations,

我們用電腦模擬風向，

so the effect of the balcony shapes breaks up the wind

來確定陽台之形狀可以緩沖風力，

and confuses the wind

讓風渦相沖，

and makes the balconies more comfortable and less windy.

以致讓陽台更舒適和少受風擊。

Now, just by being able to go outside on your balcony

現在，你只要走到陽台，

or on the third floor roof terrace,

或站在三樓的樓頂花園上，

你就能置身在戶外當中，

you can be connected to the outdoors,

even when you're way above the ground plane.

就算你是遙遙高離地面。

So the building acts to create community

所以這建築成功地建立鄰居關係，

within the building and the city at the same time.

不管在大樓內，或都市內，

It's working.

它都是成功的。

And people are starting to meet each other on the building surface

大樓的住戶開始在牆外之陽台相遇，

and we've heard --

我們聽過──

(Laughter)

they've even starting getting together as couples.

（笑聲）

也有變成情侶夫妻的。

But besides romantic relationships,

但是除了情侶關係，

the building has a positive social effect

這大樓確實可以把正能量

on the community,

帶到鄰居之中。

as evidenced by people starting groups together

這一點可以從住戶自動組成小組，

and starting big projects together,

一起做些大項目來證明，

就像這個在大廈頂的有機公眾花園。

like this organic community garden on the building's roof terrace.

So I've shown how tall buildings can be social connectors,

我已示範高層大樓 真的可以成為社交樞紐。

but what about public architecture?

可是在公共建築也可以嗎？

How can we create better social cohesion in public buildings

我們如何能使公共建築和公民空間

and civic spaces,

增益社會凝聚呢？

為什麼這點很重要呢？

and why is it important?

Public architecture is just not as successful

公共建築一般都不會很成功：

if it comes from the top down.

如果它是上層決定的。

About 15 years ago in Chicago,

大概十五年前在芝加哥，

they started to replace old police stations,

政府開始重建老舊的警察局。

and they built this identical model all over the city.

政府最終在全市中蓋了 外形一樣的警察局。

And even though they had good intentions

雖然政府用意是好的，

of treating all neighborhoods equally,

想平等對待每一個社區；

the communities didn't feel invested in the process

但是後果是社區的居民 都不覺得有參與感，

or feel a sense of ownership of these buildings.

更對這些建築物沒有歸屬感。

It was equality in the sense that everybody gets the same police station,

政府很公平地給每一區 外貌一樣的警察局，

but it wasn't equity in the sense of responding

但是從回應每個社區的個別需求上，

to each community's individual needs.

不是平等的。

And equity is the key issue here.

實質的公眾得益才是關鍵。

You know, in my field, there's a debate

在建築行業中，

對於到底建築設計是否真正能做到

about whether architecture can even do anything

to improve social relationships.

促進社會關係，仍有爭議。

But I believe that we need architecture and every tool in our tool kit

但我相信，我們可以利用建築設計 和我們擁有的每一個工具，

to improve these relationships.

來改善這些人際關係。

In the US, policy reforms have been recommended

在美國，為了重建社會信任感，

有些人推薦了政策改革。

in order to rebuild trust.

But my team and I wondered

但是我的團隊和我試想

if design and a more inclusive design process

設計本身和多容性的設計過程，

could help add something positive to this policy conversation.

或許可在政策方面的討論中加分。

We asked ourselves simply:

我們問自己，

設計能否真的修復信任呢？

Can design help rebuild trust?

So we reached out to community members and police officers in North Lawndale;

我們聯絡了北隆戴爾區的 社區人員和警察。

it's a neighborhood in Chicago

這區是位於芝加哥市中；

where the police station is perceived as a scary fortress

區民都視警察局為一座可怕的，

surrounded by a parking lot.

被停車場圍繞著的堡壘。

In North Lawndale, people are afraid of police

在北隆戴爾，區民都很害怕警察，

and of going anywhere near the police station,

甚至不敢走近警察局，

even to report a crime.

甚至去報案。

So we organized this brainstorming session

所以我們安排了一場腦力激盪會議，

with both groups participating,

由警察和區民共同參與的。

and we came up with this whole new idea for the police station.

最後我們討論出一個 警察局的全新概念：

It's called "Polis Station."

我們稱之為「波樂司」（Polis） 。

"Polis" is a Greek word that means a place with a sense of community.

波樂司是希臘城邦的意思： 是一個有社區意義的地方。

It's based on the idea

這概念是：

that if you can increase opportunities for positive social interactions

如果你能夠增加

警察和區民之間正向的接觸機會，

between police and community members,

you can rebuild that relationship

就可以重建友善的關係。

and activate the neighborhood at the same time.

這一來，也同時能夠 活化整個社區。

Instead of the police station as a scary fortress,

警察局不再是一座可怕的堡壘，

you get highly active spaces on the public side of the station --

取而代之是一個在警察局內的 一個生氣勃勃的公用空間，

places that spark conversation,

一個能鼓勵談話的空間，

like a barbershop, a coffee shop

像在理髮店裡，或是咖啡廳內，

or sports courts as well.

或是在運動場。

Both cops and kids said they love sports.

警察和青年人都一致說 他們熱愛運動。

These insights came directly from the community members

這概念全是由區民

and the police officers themselves,

和警察們提出來的。

and as designers, our role was just to connect the dots

我們設計師的使命 就是把這些概念連貫起來，

and suggest the first step.

協助把這些落實而已。

So with the help of the city and the parks,

還好，我們獲得社區和 公園管理局的幫忙；

we were able to raise funds and design and build a half-court,

我們得以籌款、設計、 以及建造一個小形籃球場，

right on the police station parking lot.

就在警察局的停車場中。

It's a start.

這是一個起步。

But is it rebuilding trust?

這樣是否真的能重建互信呢？

The people in North Lawndale say the kids are using the courts every day

住在北隆戴爾區的居民說 小孩每天都在籃球場玩，

and they even organize tournaments like this one shown here,

甚至還有策劃比賽， 像這裡顯示的一樣，

and once in a while an officer joins in.

偶爾會有一位警察參加。

But now, they even have basketballs inside the station

現在，在警局內也建了 一個室內籃球場了，

that kids can borrow.

孩子們可以借用。

And recently they've asked us to expand the courts

最近，他們請我們擴大這些籃球場，

and build a park on the site.

還要蓋一個公園在現場。

And parents report something astonishing.

家長報告了一些讓人驚訝的事情：

Before, there was fear of going anywhere the station, and now they say

以往，大家都怕接近警察局；

如今，他們覺得這籃球場 比附近的其他籃球場安全多了。

there's a sense that the court is safer than other courts nearby,

and they prefer their kids to play here.

父母都情願小孩在這裡玩。

So maybe in the future,

所以，或許將來

on the public side of the station,

在警察局內的市民開放區域，

you might be able to drop in for a haircut at the barbershop

很可能你可以進來剪個頭髪，

或預約公用禮堂來舉行生日派對，

or reserve the community room for a birthday party

or renew your driver's license

或申請延長駕照等，

or get money out of an ATM.

或在櫃員機拿錢。

It can be a place for neighbors to meet each other

此處也可以是區民互相見面的地方，

and to get to know the officers, and vice versa.

以及和警察互相認識的地方。

This is not a utopian fantasy.

這絕對不是個烏托邦幻想：

It's about how do you design to rebuild trust,

問題是要懂得 如何用設計來建立互信，

trusting relationships?

增強信任的關係？

You know, every city has parks, libraries, schools

眾所周知，每個都市都有 公園、圖書館、學校等，

and other public buildings

和其他公共設施。

that have the potential to be reimagined as social connectors.

這些都有潛質 成為突破性的社交連接器。

But reimagining the buildings for the future is going to require

但要重新想像未來的建築如何重建，

首先必定要讓當地的民眾參與。

engaging the people who live there.

Engaging the public can be intimidating, and I've felt that, too.

讓民眾參與有些嚇人， 我本人也感受過。

But maybe that's because in architecture school,

或許是因為在上建築課程時，

we don't really learn how to engage the public in the act of design.

我們都沒學過 如何引導市民參與設計。

We're taught to defend our design against criticism.

我們只學到如何去辯解 市民對我們設計的批評。

But I think that can change, too.

但我相信這是可以改變的：

So if we can focus the design mind

只要我們一心關注如何利用設計

on creating positive, reinforcing relationships

來創造正面、雙贏的人群關係；

in architecture and through architecture,

不管是建築物本體 或是間接從它引發出來的，

I believe we can do much more than create individual buildings.

我相信，除了外觀設計， 建築師能創造很多利益。

We can reduce the stress and the polarization

我們可以緩和壓力，

以及我們城市棲息地的極端情況。

in our urban habitats.

We can create relationships.

我們可以建立更加美好的人際關係。

We can help steady this planet we all share.

我們也可以幫助 我們共享的地球找回平衡。

See?

你看到嗎？

建築師真的是人際關係創造者。

Architects really are relationship builders.

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Thank you very much.

非常感謝。

(Applause)

（鼓掌聲）