How young blood might help reverse aging. Yes, really | Tony Wyss-Coray
269,768 views ・ 2015-09-11
請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。
譯者: Aaron Shoo
審譯者: Yamei Huang
00:13
This is a painting from the 16th century
from Lucas Cranach the Elder.
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這是幅 16 世紀的畫作,
繪者是老盧卡斯·克拉納赫。
00:18
It shows the famous Fountain of Youth.
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畫的是有名的「青春之泉」。
00:21
If you drink its water or you bathe in it,
you will get health and youth.
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如果喝了泉水或是沐浴其中,
就會變得健康、年輕。
00:27
Every culture, every civilization
has dreamed of finding eternal youth.
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每種文化、每個文明,
都夢想能夠青春永駐。
00:34
There are people like Alexander the Great
or Ponce De León, the explorer,
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亞歷山大大帝
或是探險家龐塞德萊昂,
00:38
who spent much of their life
chasing the Fountain of Youth.
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終其一生追尋不老之泉。
00:42
They didn't find it.
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最後無疾而終。
00:45
But what if there was something to it?
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但它真的存在嗎?
00:48
What if there was something
to this Fountain of Youth?
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青春之泉會不會是真的?
00:51
I will share an absolutely amazing
development in aging research
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我要分享「老化研究」的驚人發展,
00:56
that could revolutionize
the way we think about aging
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徹底顛覆我們對老化的了解,
01:00
and how we may treat age-related
diseases in the future.
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以及未來老年疾病的治療。
01:04
It started with experiments that showed,
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首先是一些實驗顯示,
01:06
in a recent number
of studies about growing,
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近期關於「成長」的研究指出,
01:09
that animals -- old mice --
that share a blood supply with young mice
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動物,比如年老的老鼠,
被供應年輕老鼠的血液,
01:16
can get rejuvenated.
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會變年輕。
01:18
This is similar to what you might see
in humans, in Siamese twins,
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這個情況就像人類的連體嬰,
01:22
and I know this sounds a bit creepy.
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雖然聽起來有點詭異。
01:25
But what Tom Rando, a stem-cell
researcher, reported in 2007,
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但根據幹細胞研究員
湯姆‧蘭朵 2007 年的報告,
01:31
was that old muscle from a mouse
can be rejuvenated
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老鼠的老肌肉可以年輕化
01:34
if it's exposed to young blood
through common circulation.
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藉由暴露在年輕的血液循環系統。
01:39
This was reproduced by Amy Wagers
at Harvard a few years later,
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幾年後艾美‧維潔
在哈佛重做這個實驗,
01:44
and others then showed that similar
rejuvenating effects could be observed
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結果發現類似的年輕化效果,
01:49
in the pancreas, the liver and the heart.
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也發生在胰臟、肝臟、心臟。
01:52
But what I'm most excited about,
and several other labs as well,
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但最令我和其他同業興奮的是,
01:57
is that this may even apply to the brain.
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這也可能發生在大腦。
02:00
So, what we found is that an old mouse
exposed to a young environment
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我們發現老老鼠
被暴露在年輕的環境中,
02:06
in this model called parabiosis,
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也就是模型中的「連體鼠」,
02:09
shows a younger brain --
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有更年輕的腦、
02:10
and a brain that functions better.
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運作得更好的腦。
02:13
And I repeat:
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再重說一次:
02:15
an old mouse that gets young blood
through shared circulation
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藉由共享循環系統
獲得年輕血液的老老鼠,
02:21
looks younger and functions
younger in its brain.
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腦部看起來、也運作得更年輕。
02:25
So when we get older --
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所以當我們老去,
02:27
we can look at different aspects
of human cognition,
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用不同面向分析人類的知覺,
02:30
and you can see on this slide here,
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如這張投影片所示,
02:32
we can look at reasoning,
verbal ability and so forth.
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比如推理、言語或其他能力。
02:35
And up to around age 50 or 60,
these functions are all intact,
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到了 50 或 60 歲,
這些功能都還正常,
02:41
and as I look at the young audience
here in the room, we're all still fine.
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告訴在座各位「年輕朋友」:
我們還算硬朗。
02:45
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:46
But it's scary to see
how all these curves go south.
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但可怕的是,
這些線會持續下滑。
02:50
And as we get older,
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隨著年紀漸長,
02:52
diseases such as Alzheimer's
and others may develop.
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阿茲海默症之類的病就可能併發。
02:57
We know that with age,
the connections between neurons --
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大家都知道隨著老化,
神經元之間的連結,
03:00
the way neurons talk to each other,
the synapses -- they start to deteriorate;
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它們之間的溝通方式,
也就是「突觸」開始退化;
03:05
neurons die, the brain starts to shrink,
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神經元死亡、大腦開始萎縮,
03:08
and there's an increased susceptibility
for these neurodegenerative diseases.
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增加罹患神經組織退化疾病的風險。
03:13
One big problem we have -- to try
to understand how this really works
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這裡有個大問題,
當我們想了解大腦
03:18
at a very molecular mechanistic level --
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分子、機轉層面的運作,
03:21
is that we can't study the brains
in detail, in living people.
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沒辦法在活人身上研究。
03:26
We can do cognitive tests,
we can do imaging --
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我們可以做知覺測試、掃描,
03:29
all kinds of sophisticated testing.
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各種精細的檢查。
03:31
But we usually have to wait
until the person dies
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但通常要等到人死後,
03:35
to get the brain and look at how it really
changed through age or in a disease.
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剖析腦的內部,
才知道老化或疾病造成的改變。
03:40
This is what neuropathologists
do, for example.
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這是神經病理學家其中一項工作。
03:44
So, how about we think of the brain
as being part of the larger organism.
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假設腦只是大型有機體的一部份。
03:50
Could we potentially understand more
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我們有沒有可能,
03:52
about what happens in the brain
at the molecular level
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從分子的角度更了解大腦運作,
03:55
if we see the brain
as part of the entire body?
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只把腦當作身體的某個部分?
03:59
So if the body ages or gets sick,
does that affect the brain?
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如果身體老化或生病,
會影響到大腦嗎?
04:03
And vice versa: as the brain gets older,
does that influence the rest of the body?
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或相反,當腦老化,
會不會影響身體其他部位?
04:09
And what connects all the different
tissues in the body
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而連結身體各不同組織的
04:12
is blood.
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就是「血液」。
04:14
Blood is the tissue that not only carries
cells that transport oxygen, for example,
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血液不只是夾帶輸氧細胞的組織,
04:20
the red blood cells,
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例如紅血球,
04:21
or fights infectious diseases,
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或是抵抗傳染病,
04:23
but it also carries messenger molecules,
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同時也夾帶了訊息因子,
04:27
hormone-like factors
that transport information
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像賀爾蒙的因子,傳遞訊息,
04:31
from one cell to another,
from one tissue to another,
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從一個細胞到另一個細胞,
一個組織到另一個組織,
04:36
including the brain.
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在大腦裡也一樣。
04:37
So if we look at how the blood
changes in disease or age,
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所以我們看血液
因為疾病或老化產生的改變,
04:42
can we learn something about the brain?
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會不會更認識大腦?
04:45
We know that as we get older,
the blood changes as well,
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我們知道隨著年紀漸長,
血液也會改變,
04:50
so these hormone-like factors
change as we get older.
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這些像賀爾蒙的因子也會改變。
04:53
And by and large,
factors that we know are required
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目前我們所知,
04:57
for the development of tissues,
for the maintenance of tissues --
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發展或是維持組織
所需的因子或多或少,
05:01
they start to decrease as we get older,
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隨著年齡增長而減少,
05:04
while factors involved in repair,
in injury and in inflammation --
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會造成破損、受傷、發炎的因子,
05:08
they increase as we get older.
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卻隨著年齡增長而增加。
05:10
So there's this unbalance of good
and bad factors, if you will.
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所以說起來,
好因子和壞因子之間失衡了。
05:16
And to illustrate what we can do
potentially with that,
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為了說明怎麼改善這個情況,
05:20
I want to talk you through
an experiment that we did.
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我想解釋一下我們之前的實驗。
05:22
We had almost 300 blood samples
from healthy human beings
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我們取了 300 份
健康人類的血液樣本,
05:26
20 to 89 years of age,
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從 20 歲到 89 歲都有,
05:28
and we measured over 100
of these communication factors,
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測試了超過 100 種這些溝通因子,
05:32
these hormone-like proteins that
transport information between tissues.
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這些像賀爾蒙在組織間
傳遞訊息的蛋白質。
05:37
And what we noticed first
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我們首先發現
05:38
is that between the youngest
and the oldest group,
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在最年輕和最年老的樣本間,
05:41
about half the factors
changed significantly.
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有半數左右的因子有顯著改變。
05:45
So our body lives in a very
different environment as we get older,
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所以我們的身體在老化以後,
對這些因子來說,
05:48
when it comes to these factors.
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是一個非常不一樣的環境。
05:50
And using statistical
or bioinformatics programs,
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藉由這些統計、生物信息資料,
05:53
we could try to discover
those factors that best predict age --
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我們可以試著去發現
最能預測年齡的因子,
05:58
in a way, back-calculate
the relative age of a person.
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也就是反推某個人的相對年齡。
06:02
And the way this looks
is shown in this graph.
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如同這張圖所顯示。
06:05
So, on the one axis you see
the actual age a person lived,
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橫軸是人的實際年齡,
06:11
the chronological age.
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也就是年齡序列。
06:12
So, how many years they lived.
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看他們實際活了多久。
06:14
And then we take these top factors
that I showed you,
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然後我們用剛剛的重要因子,
06:16
and we calculate their relative age,
their biological age.
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去計算縱軸的相對、生理的年齡。
06:22
And what you see is that
there is a pretty good correlation,
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你會發現兩者高度相關,
06:26
so we can pretty well predict
the relative age of a person.
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所以能預測人的相對年齡。
06:29
But what's really exciting
are the outliers,
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但偏離線外的點更值得注意,
06:33
as they so often are in life.
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他們不算少數。
06:35
You can see here, the person
I highlighted with the green dot
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你看綠點標記的這個人,
06:40
is about 70 years of age
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將近 70 歲左右,
06:43
but seems to have a biological age,
if what we're doing here is really true,
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但他的生理年齡,
如果我們的推論正確,
06:48
of only about 45.
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只有大概 45 歲。
06:50
So is this a person that actually
looks much younger than their age?
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所以這個人是不是
實際看起來更年輕?
06:54
But more importantly: Is this a person
who is maybe at a reduced risk
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更重要的是:
這個人是不是罹患
06:58
to develop an age-related disease
and will have a long life --
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老化疾病的風險更小,
也會更長壽?
07:02
will live to 100 or more?
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甚至超過 100 歲?
07:04
On the other hand, the person here,
highlighted with the red dot,
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另一方面,
紅點標記的這位,
07:08
is not even 40,
but has a biological age of 65.
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還不到 40 歲,
但生理年齡已經 65 歲。
07:13
Is this a person at an increased risk
of developing an age-related disease?
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罹患老化疾病的風險是不是更高?
07:18
So in our lab, we're trying
to understand these factors better,
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所以我們實驗室
試著更了解這些因子,
07:22
and many other groups
are trying to understand,
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其他團隊也在努力,
07:24
what are the true aging factors,
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關鍵的老化因子是什麼?
07:26
and can we learn something about them
to possibly predict age-related diseases?
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我們找出來以後,
能不能有效預測老化疾病?
07:32
So what I've shown you so far
is simply correlational, right?
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我剛剛說的
只是簡單的關聯性,
07:36
You can just say,
"Well, these factors change with age,"
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你可能會說:
「這些因子會隨年齡改變嘛。」
07:40
but you don't really know
if they do something about aging.
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但怎麼知道不是因子改變年齡?
07:45
So what I'm going to show you now
is very remarkable
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所以我現在再說一個關鍵,
07:48
and it suggests that these factors
can actually modulate the age of a tissue.
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說明這些因子會改變組織的年齡。
07:53
And that's where we come back
to this model called parabiosis.
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回到剛剛的「連體鼠」實驗。
07:57
So, parabiosis is done in mice
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這是將兩隻老鼠,
07:59
by surgically connecting
the two mice together,
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用手術連接在一起,
08:04
and that leads then
to a shared blood system,
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共享同一個血液循環系統,
08:07
where we can now ask,
"How does the old brain get influenced
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所以我們會問:
「比較老的腦接觸到年輕血液
08:11
by exposure to the young blood?"
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會有什麼影響?」
08:14
And for this purpose, we use young mice
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所以我們找了一隻小老鼠,
08:16
that are an equivalency
of 20-year-old people,
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換算大約是人類的 20 歲,
08:19
and old mice that are roughly
65 years old in human years.
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和大約人類 65 歲的老老鼠。
08:24
What we found is quite remarkable.
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有個非常驚人的發現。
08:27
We find there are more neural stem cells
that make new neurons
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我們發現產出更多神經幹細胞
製造新的神經元
08:31
in these old brains.
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在這些老的大腦裏面。
08:33
There's an increased
activity of the synapses,
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突觸的活動變得更活躍,
08:35
the connections between neurons.
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突觸是神經元之間的連結。
08:38
There are more genes expressed
that are known to be involved
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大家所知
更多的基因顯示涉及
08:41
in the formation of new memories.
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新記憶的資訊。
08:43
And there's less of this bad inflammation.
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導致發炎的壞因子減少。
08:47
But we observed that there are no cells
entering the brains of these animals.
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我們也觀察到,
沒有新的細胞進入大腦。
08:53
So when we connect them,
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也就是說這個實驗中,
08:55
there are actually no cells
going into the old brain, in this model.
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沒有任何細胞進入老腦。
09:01
Instead, we've reasoned, then,
that it must be the soluble factors,
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所以可以推論,
這些因子一定溶於血,
09:05
so we could collect simply the soluble
fraction of blood which is called plasma,
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所以我們只需要收集
血液裡的血漿,
09:09
and inject either young plasma
or old plasma into these mice,
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然後把老血漿或年經血漿
注入老鼠體內,
09:13
and we could reproduce
these rejuvenating effects,
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就可以重現年輕化的效果,
09:16
but what we could also do now
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但在此同時我們也可以,
09:17
is we could do memory tests with mice.
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幫老鼠做記憶測試。
09:20
As mice get older, like us humans,
they have memory problems.
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老鼠老了就跟人一樣,
記憶力會衰退。
09:24
It's just harder to detect them,
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雖然不容易觀察,
09:26
but I'll show you in a minute
how we do that.
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但我等一下會說我們怎麼做。
09:28
But we wanted to take this
one step further,
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我們還想更進一步,
09:31
one step closer to potentially
being relevant to humans.
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更近一步把結果和人類做連結。
09:35
What I'm showing you now
are unpublished studies,
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接下來要說的實驗還沒發表,
09:38
where we used human plasma,
young human plasma,
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我們用年輕人類的血漿,
09:43
and as a control, saline,
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和生理食鹽水做對照,
09:45
and injected it into old mice,
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注入到老老鼠體內,
09:47
and asked, can we again
rejuvenate these old mice?
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想知道
能不能再次年輕化老老鼠?
09:52
Can we make them smarter?
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能讓牠們變聰明嗎?
09:54
And to do this, we used a test.
It's called a Barnes maze.
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我們用「巴恩斯迷宮」來測試。
09:57
This is a big table
that has lots of holes in it,
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這張大桌子有很多洞,
10:00
and there are guide marks around it,
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上面有一些指示標記,
10:04
and there's a bright light,
as on this stage here.
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像這個講台一樣有打光。
10:06
The mice hate this and they try to escape,
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老鼠討厭光所以想逃跑,
10:09
and find the single hole that you see
pointed at with an arrow,
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要找到箭頭指的這個洞,
10:14
where a tube is mounted underneath
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底下接了一根管子,
10:16
where they can escape
and feel comfortable in a dark hole.
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牠們可以藉此重返舒適的黑洞。
10:19
So we teach them, over several days,
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所以我們教了牠們幾天,
10:21
to find this space
on these cues in the space,
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怎樣透過標記找到小黑洞,
10:24
and you can compare this for humans,
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拿人類來說,
10:27
to finding your car in a parking lot
after a busy day of shopping.
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就像逛了賣場一整天,
最後要在停車場找車。
10:31
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
10:32
Many of us have probably had
some problems with that.
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很多人都覺得那是大挑戰。
10:36
So, let's look at an old mouse here.
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回來看這隻老老鼠。
10:38
This is an old mouse
that has memory problems,
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這是隻記憶力不好的老老鼠,
10:41
as you'll notice in a moment.
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你等一下就知道了。
10:43
It just looks into every hole,
but it didn't form this spacial map
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牠每個洞都看,
但對空間毫無頭緒,
10:48
that would remind it where it was
in the previous trial or the last day.
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對之前走過的路,
或昨天的事完全沒有印象。
10:53
In stark contrast, this mouse here
is a sibling of the same age,
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這邊的對照組
是牠同齡的手足,
10:59
but it was treated with young
human plasma for three weeks,
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但已經連續接受人類血漿 3 週,
11:04
with small injections every three days.
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每 3 天一次的少量施打。
11:07
And as you noticed, it almost
looks around, "Where am I?" --
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你會發現牠環顧四周說:
「這是哪?」
11:11
and then walks straight
to that hole and escapes.
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接著直直走到那個洞離開。
11:14
So, it could remember where that hole was.
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顯然牠記得洞的位置。
11:18
So by all means, this old mouse
seems to be rejuvenated --
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看來這隻老老鼠年輕化了,
11:22
it functions more like a younger mouse.
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活得比較像一隻年輕老鼠。
11:24
And it also suggests
that there is something
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代表不只是
11:27
not only in young mouse plasma,
but in young human plasma
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年輕老鼠的血漿裡面,
年輕人類的血漿裡,
11:32
that has the capacity
to help this old brain.
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也有能改善大腦能力的因子。
11:36
So to summarize,
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結論就是,
11:38
we find the old mouse, and its brain
in particular, are malleable.
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我們發現老老鼠,
特別是大腦,是具可塑性的。
11:42
They're not set in stone;
we can actually change them.
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決不是一成不變,
而是可以被我們改造。
11:45
It can be rejuvenated.
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可以被年輕化。
11:47
Young blood factors can reverse aging,
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年輕的血液因子讓你返老還童,
11:50
and what I didn't show you --
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但我沒說的是,
11:52
in this model, the young mouse actually
suffers from exposure to the old.
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實驗裡的年輕老鼠,
卻因此被拖累。
11:57
So there are old-blood factors
that can accelerate aging.
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所以年老血液的因子會加速老化。
12:01
And most importantly,
humans may have similar factors,
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更重要的是,
人類也有類似的因子,
12:06
because we can take young human
blood and have a similar effect.
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因為用年輕人血做實驗
也有類似效果。
12:10
Old human blood, I didn't show you,
does not have this effect;
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但是老年人的血液
在實驗裡卻無效,
12:14
it does not make the mice younger.
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沒有讓老鼠變年輕。
12:17
So, is this magic transferable to humans?
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所以這能不能套用到人類呢?
12:20
We're running a small
clinical study at Stanford,
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我們在史丹佛做小型的臨床實驗,
12:24
where we treat Alzheimer's patients
with mild disease
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對輕度阿茲海默症患者,
12:28
with a pint of plasma
from young volunteers, 20-year-olds,
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施打 1 品脫 20 歲志願者的血漿,
12:34
and do this once a week for four weeks,
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每週一次連續 4 週,
12:37
and then we look
at their brains with imaging.
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然後再用儀器掃描他們的腦、
12:41
We test them cognitively,
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測試他們的知覺,
12:42
and we ask their caregivers
for daily activities of living.
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透過照護員了解日常活動。
12:46
What we hope is that there are
some signs of improvement
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我們希望透過這種治療,
12:50
from this treatment.
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看到一些好轉的跡象。
12:52
And if that's the case,
that could give us hope
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如果成功,我們會希望
12:55
that what I showed you works in mice
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老鼠實驗展現的成果,
12:57
might also work in humans.
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也會在人類身上實現。
13:00
Now, I don't think we will live forever.
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我不認為人會長生不死。
13:03
But maybe we discovered
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但也許我們發現,
13:06
that the Fountain of Youth
is actually within us,
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青春之泉就在我們身體裡,
13:09
and it has just dried out.
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只是逐漸乾涸。
13:11
And if we can turn it
back on a little bit,
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如果能稍微活化它,
13:14
maybe we can find the factors
that are mediating these effects,
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找到讓我們年輕化的因子,
13:19
we can produce these factors synthetically
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想辦法合成這些因子,
13:21
and we can treat diseases of aging,
such as Alzheimer's disease
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就可以治療老化疾病,
13:25
or other dementias.
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例如阿茲海默或其他失智。
13:27
Thank you very much.
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非常感謝。
13:28
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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