How young blood might help reverse aging. Yes, really | Tony Wyss-Coray

270,024 views ใƒป 2015-09-11

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jihyeon J. Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : ๋ณ‘์ฒ  ๊น€
00:13
This is a painting from the 16th century from Lucas Cranach the Elder.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ 16์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฃจ์นด์Šค ํฌ๋ผ๋‚˜ํ ์—˜๋”์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
It shows the famous Fountain of Youth.
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์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ฒญ์ถ˜์˜ ์ƒ˜์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ฃ .
00:21
If you drink its water or you bathe in it, you will get health and youth.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ชฉ์š•์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ Š์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
Every culture, every civilization has dreamed of finding eternal youth.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธํ™”, ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธ๋ช…์€ ์˜์›ํ•œ ์ Š์Œ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฟˆ๊ฟ”์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
There are people like Alexander the Great or Ponce De Leรณn, the explorer,
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์ฒญ์ถ˜์˜ ์ƒ˜์„ ์ข‡๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ
00:38
who spent much of their life chasing the Fountain of Youth.
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์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฐ๋” ๋Œ€์™•, ํƒํ—˜๊ฐ€ ํฐ์„ธ ๋“œ ๋ ˆ์˜น์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
They didn't find it.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:45
But what if there was something to it?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”?
00:48
What if there was something to this Fountain of Youth?
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์ด ์ฒญ์ถ˜์˜ ์ƒ˜๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
00:51
I will share an absolutely amazing development in aging research
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋…ธํ™” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์˜ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
that could revolutionize the way we think about aging
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜๋ช…์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:00
and how we may treat age-related diseases in the future.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋…ธํ™” ๊ด€๋ จ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
It started with experiments that showed,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์—์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
in a recent number of studies about growing,
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ
๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค, ๋Š™์€ ์ฅ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์ฅ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ๋ฐ›์•„
01:09
that animals -- old mice -- that share a blood supply with young mice
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01:16
can get rejuvenated.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ Š์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
This is similar to what you might see in humans, in Siamese twins,
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์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ƒด์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
and I know this sounds a bit creepy.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์˜ค์‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ปด์งˆ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
But what Tom Rando, a stem-cell researcher, reported in 2007,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 2007๋…„ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ํƒ ๋žœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
01:31
was that old muscle from a mouse can be rejuvenated
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๋‚˜์ด๋“  ์ฅ์˜ ๊ทผ์œก์ด ์ Š์€ ์ฅ์˜ ํ”ผ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์–ด
01:34
if it's exposed to young blood through common circulation.
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ˆœํ™˜์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ™œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋˜์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
This was reproduced by Amy Wagers at Harvard a few years later,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ช‡ ๋…„๋’ค ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ์˜ ์—์ด๋ฏธ ์›จ๊ฑฐ์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์žฌํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:44
and others then showed that similar rejuvenating effects could be observed
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค๋„ ์ทŒ์žฅ, ๊ฐ„, ์‹ฌ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์›๊ธฐ ํšŒ๋ณต ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
in the pancreas, the liver and the heart.
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01:52
But what I'm most excited about, and several other labs as well,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €์™€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฅ๋ถ„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ ์€
01:57
is that this may even apply to the brain.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‡Œ์— ์ ์šฉ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
So, what we found is that an old mouse exposed to a young environment
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๋Š™์€ ์ฅ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œ์ผฐ๋”๋‹ˆ
02:06
in this model called parabiosis,
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๋ณ‘์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
02:09
shows a younger brain --
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๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์ Š์–ด์ง€๊ณ 
02:10
and a brain that functions better.
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๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋” ์ข‹์•„์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
And I repeat:
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์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
an old mouse that gets young blood through shared circulation
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๊ณต์œ  ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์ Š์€ ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋Š™์€ ์ฅ์˜ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€
02:21
looks younger and functions younger in its brain.
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๋” ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋„ ์ Š์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
So when we get older --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฉด
02:27
we can look at different aspects of human cognition,
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ธ์ง€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉด๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
and you can see on this slide here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ™”๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
we can look at reasoning, verbal ability and so forth.
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์ถ”๋ฆฌ์™€, ์–ธ์–ด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
And up to around age 50 or 60, these functions are all intact,
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50์ด๋‚˜ 60์„ธ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
and as I look at the young audience here in the room, we're all still fine.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ Š์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•„์ง ๋‹ค ์ข‹๋„ค์š”.
02:45
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:46
But it's scary to see how all these curves go south.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ณก์„ ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์„ญ์ฃ .
02:50
And as we get older,
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๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ
02:52
diseases such as Alzheimer's and others may develop.
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์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
We know that with age, the connections between neurons --
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๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์ด,
03:00
the way neurons talk to each other, the synapses -- they start to deteriorate;
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ธ ์‹œ๋ƒ…์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ‡ดํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
neurons die, the brain starts to shrink,
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ์€ ์ฃฝ๊ณ , ๋‡Œ๋Š” ์ชผ๊ทธ๋ผ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:08
and there's an increased susceptibility for these neurodegenerative diseases.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝํ‡ดํ™”์„ฑ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
One big problem we have -- to try to understand how this really works
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค๋ฉด
03:18
at a very molecular mechanistic level --
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๋ถ„์ž, ๊ธฐ์ „์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ
03:21
is that we can't study the brains in detail, in living people.
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์‚ด์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
We can do cognitive tests, we can do imaging --
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์ธ์ง€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
all kinds of sophisticated testing.
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03:31
But we usually have to wait until the person dies
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋…ธํ™”๋‚˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ
03:35
to get the brain and look at how it really changed through age or in a disease.
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๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
This is what neuropathologists do, for example.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์˜ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
So, how about we think of the brain as being part of the larger organism.
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๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์ข€ ๋” ํฐ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ๋”
03:50
Could we potentially understand more
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03:52
about what happens in the brain at the molecular level
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๋ถ„์ž ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‡Œ์— ๋ฒŒ์ด์ง€๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:55
if we see the brain as part of the entire body?
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๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
03:59
So if the body ages or gets sick, does that affect the brain?
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์‹ ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋…ธํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ‘๋“ค๋ฉด ๋‡Œ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„๊นŒ์š”?
04:03
And vice versa: as the brain gets older, does that influence the rest of the body?
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‹ ์ฒด์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น ๊นŒ์š”?
04:09
And what connects all the different tissues in the body
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์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ”ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
is blood.
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04:14
Blood is the tissue that not only carries cells that transport oxygen, for example,
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ํ”ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ น ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์†กํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์ผ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:20
the red blood cells,
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์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ์ด์ฃ .
04:21
or fights infectious diseases,
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๊ฐ์—ผ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ 
04:23
but it also carries messenger molecules,
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๋ถ„์ž ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
hormone-like factors that transport information
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ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ
์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ, ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
from one cell to another, from one tissue to another,
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04:36
including the brain.
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๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ์š”.
04:37
So if we look at how the blood changes in disease or age,
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด๋‚˜ ๋…ธํ™”๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๋ฉด
04:42
can we learn something about the brain?
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๋‡Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:45
We know that as we get older, the blood changes as well,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์ด๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๋„ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
so these hormone-like factors change as we get older.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ์š”์†Œ๋„ ๋‚˜์ด๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:53
And by and large, factors that we know are required
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๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š”
04:57
for the development of tissues, for the maintenance of tissues --
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์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์€
05:01
they start to decrease as we get older,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋…ธํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
while factors involved in repair, in injury and in inflammation --
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ƒ์ฒ˜์™€ ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต์— ๊ด€๊ณ„๋œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์€
05:08
they increase as we get older.
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๋…ธํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
So there's this unbalance of good and bad factors, if you will.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋…ธํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ข‹๊ณ  ๋‚˜์œ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ์ฃ .
05:16
And to illustrate what we can do potentially with that,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด
์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
I want to talk you through an experiment that we did.
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05:22
We had almost 300 blood samples from healthy human beings
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ 300๊ฐœ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ๋ชจ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:26
20 to 89 years of age,
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20์„ธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 89์„ธ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚˜์ด์ด๊ณ 
05:28
and we measured over 100 of these communication factors,
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์ด ์ „๋‹ฌ ์š”์†Œ 100๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
these hormone-like proteins that transport information between tissues.
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์กฐ์ง์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด์ฃ .
05:37
And what we noticed first
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๋งจ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด
05:38
is that between the youngest and the oldest group,
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์ Š์€ ์ธต๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋…„์ธต์—์„œ
05:41
about half the factors changed significantly.
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์š”์ธ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
So our body lives in a very different environment as we get older,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹ ์ฒด๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์š”์ธ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ
05:48
when it comes to these factors.
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๋…ธํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์‚ฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
And using statistical or bioinformatics programs,
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ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
05:53
we could try to discover those factors that best predict age --
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๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
in a way, back-calculate the relative age of a person.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
And the way this looks is shown in this graph.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์— ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
So, on the one axis you see the actual age a person lived,
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ํ•œ ์ถ•์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ด์•„์˜จ ์‹ค์ œ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‚ ์งœ์ˆœ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด์ฃ .
06:11
the chronological age.
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06:12
So, how many years they lived.
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๋ช‡ ๋…„์„ ์‚ด์•˜๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
And then we take these top factors that I showed you,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์ƒ์œ„ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
06:16
and we calculate their relative age, their biological age.
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์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
And what you see is that there is a pretty good correlation,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:26
so we can pretty well predict the relative age of a person.
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์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
But what's really exciting are the outliers,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฑด ํ‰๊ท ๋ฐ–์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
as they so often are in life.
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์‚ถ์—์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
06:35
You can see here, the person I highlighted with the green dot
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
06:40
is about 70 years of age
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์•ฝ 70์„ธ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
06:43
but seems to have a biological age, if what we're doing here is really true,
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์ €ํฌ ์ธก์ •์ด ๋งž๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€
06:48
of only about 45.
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๊ฒจ์šฐ 45์„ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
So is this a person that actually looks much younger than their age?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด ๋ถ„์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‚˜์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ Š์–ด ๋ณด์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
06:54
But more importantly: Is this a person who is maybe at a reduced risk
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๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ๋ถ„์€ ๋‚˜์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”
06:58
to develop an age-related disease and will have a long life --
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์ ๊ณ  ์žฅ์ˆ˜ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
07:02
will live to 100 or more?
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100์„ธ ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
07:04
On the other hand, the person here, highlighted with the red dot,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ์ด ๋ถ„์€
07:08
is not even 40, but has a biological age of 65.
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40์„ธ๋„ ์•ˆ๋๋Š”๋ฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ 65์„ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
Is this a person at an increased risk of developing an age-related disease?
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์ด ๋ถ„์€ ๋…ธํ™”๊ด€๋ จ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
07:18
So in our lab, we're trying to understand these factors better,
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์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์ด ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
07:22
and many other groups are trying to understand,
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๋งŽ์€ ๋‹จ์ฒด์—์„œ๋„ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
what are the true aging factors,
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋…ธํ™”์˜ ์š”์ธ์ด๋ฉฐ
07:26
and can we learn something about them to possibly predict age-related diseases?
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๋…ธํ™”๊ด€๋ จ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:32
So what I've shown you so far is simply correlational, right?
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
07:36
You can just say, "Well, these factors change with age,"
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€, "์ด ์š”์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณ€ํ•ด์š”." ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
07:40
but you don't really know if they do something about aging.
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์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋…ธํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
So what I'm going to show you now is very remarkable
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์ด์ œ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
07:48
and it suggests that these factors can actually modulate the age of a tissue.
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์ด ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
And that's where we come back to this model called parabiosis.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ณ‘์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
So, parabiosis is done in mice
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์ฅ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•œ ๋ณ‘์ฒด๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์€
07:59
by surgically connecting the two mice together,
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์™ธ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ ์ฅ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ
08:04
and that leads then to a shared blood system,
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ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
where we can now ask, "How does the old brain get influenced
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์ด์ œ "๋Š™์€ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์ Š์€ ํ”ผ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์„๊นŒ?"
08:11
by exposure to the young blood?"
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๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:14
And for this purpose, we use young mice
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ 20์„ธ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ์ฅ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ 
08:16
that are an equivalency of 20-year-old people,
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08:19
and old mice that are roughly 65 years old in human years.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฉด ์•ฝ 65์„ธ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ๋Š™์€ ์ฅ๋ฅผ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
What we found is quite remarkable.
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
We find there are more neural stem cells that make new neurons
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์ด ๋Š™์€ ๋‡Œ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์•„ ์กŒ์Œ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
in these old brains.
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08:33
There's an increased activity of the synapses,
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๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ง€์ ์ธ ์‹œ๋ƒ…์Šค์˜ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
the connections between neurons.
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08:38
There are more genes expressed that are known to be involved
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์–ต ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„
08:41
in the formation of new memories.
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์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
And there's less of this bad inflammation.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•…์„ฑ ์—ผ์ฆ์€ ๋” ์ ์ฃ .
08:47
But we observed that there are no cells entering the brains of these animals.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
So when we connect them,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ๋•Œ
08:55
there are actually no cells going into the old brain, in this model.
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์ด ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Š™์€ ๋‡Œ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
Instead, we've reasoned, then, that it must be the soluble factors,
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๋Œ€์‹  ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ถ”๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
so we could collect simply the soluble fraction of blood which is called plasma,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ”ผ์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจ์•„
09:09
and inject either young plasma or old plasma into these mice,
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์ด ์ฅ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ Š์€ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๋Š™์€ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ 
09:13
and we could reproduce these rejuvenating effects,
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์ Š์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
09:16
but what we could also do now
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์ง€๊ธˆ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:17
is we could do memory tests with mice.
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์ฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
As mice get older, like us humans, they have memory problems.
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์ฅ๊ฐ€ ๋Š™์–ด ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ธฐ์–ต์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
It's just harder to detect them,
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์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋” ํž˜๋“ค ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
09:26
but I'll show you in a minute how we do that.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
But we wanted to take this one step further,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
one step closer to potentially being relevant to humans.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ข€ ๋” ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
What I'm showing you now are unpublished studies,
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์ด์ œ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ง ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ธ๋ฐ
09:38
where we used human plasma, young human plasma,
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์ Š์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ๊ณผ ํ†ต์ œ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์‹์—ผ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์จ์„œ
09:43
and as a control, saline,
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09:45
and injected it into old mice,
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๋Š™์€ ์ฅ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:47
and asked, can we again rejuvenate these old mice?
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ด ๋Š™์€ ์ฅ๋ฅผ ์ Š๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
09:52
Can we make them smarter?
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๋” ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
09:54
And to do this, we used a test. It's called a Barnes maze.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„ ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜์ฆˆ ๋ฏธ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
This is a big table that has lots of holes in it,
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ํฐ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
and there are guide marks around it,
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์ฃผ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ๋‚ด ํ‘œ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
10:04
and there's a bright light, as on this stage here.
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์ด ์œ„์— ๋ฐ์€ ์กฐ๋ช…์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
The mice hate this and they try to escape,
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์ฅ๋“ค์„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•ด์„œ ๋„๋ง๊ฐ€๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
and find the single hole that you see pointed at with an arrow,
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ํ™”์‚ดํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ์ฐพ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
where a tube is mounted underneath
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์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ํŠœ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
10:16
where they can escape and feel comfortable in a dark hole.
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๋„๋ง๊ฐ€์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๋‘์šด ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์—์„œ ํŽธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:19
So we teach them, over several days,
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๋ช‡์ผ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ฅ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
to find this space on these cues in the space,
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์ด ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ฐพ๋„๋ก ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:24
and you can compare this for humans,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:27
to finding your car in a parking lot after a busy day of shopping.
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๋ฒˆ์žกํ•œ ๋‚  ์‡ผํ•‘ํ•˜๊ณ ์„œ ์ฃผ์ฐจํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ฃ .
10:31
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:32
Many of us have probably had some problems with that.
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์•„๋งˆ ๋‹ค๋“ค ์ด๊ฑธ ๊ฒช์–ด ๋ดค์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
So, let's look at an old mouse here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋Š™์€ ์ฅ๋ฅผ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
10:38
This is an old mouse that has memory problems,
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๊ธฐ์–ต์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Š™์€ ์ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
as you'll notice in a moment.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:43
It just looks into every hole, but it didn't form this spacial map
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:48
that would remind it where it was in the previous trial or the last day.
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์ง€๋‚œ ๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์–ด์ œ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ๋ฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ง€๋„์ฃ .
10:53
In stark contrast, this mouse here is a sibling of the same age,
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ทน๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด ์ฅ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚˜์ด์˜ ์ฅ์ง€๋งŒ
10:59
but it was treated with young human plasma for three weeks,
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์ Š์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ 3์ฃผ๊ฐ„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
with small injections every three days.
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3์ผ์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ์ž‘์€ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋งž์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
And as you noticed, it almost looks around, "Where am I?" --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•Œ์•„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋“ฏ์ด, ๋‘๋ฆฌ๋ฒˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ, "์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””์ง€?"
11:11
and then walks straight to that hole and escapes.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
So, it could remember where that hole was.
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๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์–ด๋””์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
So by all means, this old mouse seems to be rejuvenated --
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์ด ๋Š™์€ ์ฅ๋Š” ๊ผญ ์ Š์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
it functions more like a younger mouse.
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์–ด๋ฆฐ ์ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋” ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
And it also suggests that there is something
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
11:27
not only in young mouse plasma, but in young human plasma
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์–ด๋ฆฐ ์ฅ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์—๋„
11:32
that has the capacity to help this old brain.
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๋Š™์€ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๋•๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
So to summarize,
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์š”์•ฝํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
11:38
we find the old mouse, and its brain in particular, are malleable.
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๋Š™์€ ์ฅ์™€ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ์ ์‘๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
They're not set in stone; we can actually change them.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
It can be rejuvenated.
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์ Š์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
Young blood factors can reverse aging,
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์ Š์€ ํ”ผ์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
and what I didn't show you --
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๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์€,
11:52
in this model, the young mouse actually suffers from exposure to the old.
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์ด ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ์ Š์€ ์ฅ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋Š™์€ ์ฅ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์–ด ์•…์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
So there are old-blood factors that can accelerate aging.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋Š™์€ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ์š”์ธ์— ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ์•ž๋‹น๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
And most importantly, humans may have similar factors,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:06
because we can take young human blood and have a similar effect.
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์ Š์€์ด์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
12:10
Old human blood, I didn't show you, does not have this effect;
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๋…ธํ™”๋œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋Š” ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง„ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
it does not make the mice younger.
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์ฅ๋ฅผ ์ Š๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
So, is this magic transferable to humans?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด ๋น„๋ฒ•์ด ํ†ตํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
12:20
We're running a small clinical study at Stanford,
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์Šคํƒ ํฌ๋“œ์—์„œ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ž„์ƒ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
12:24
where we treat Alzheimer's patients with mild disease
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๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ๋ณ‘์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ
12:28
with a pint of plasma from young volunteers, 20-year-olds,
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20์„ธ์˜ ์ Š์€ ์ž์›์ž์˜ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ ๋ฐ˜๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๋ฅผ
12:34
and do this once a week for four weeks,
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ํ•œ ์ฃผ์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ 4์ฃผ๋™์•ˆ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ณ 
12:37
and then we look at their brains with imaging.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
We test them cognitively,
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์ธ์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
12:42
and we ask their caregivers for daily activities of living.
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๋Œ๋ณด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
What we hope is that there are some signs of improvement
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ข‹์•„์ง„ ์ง•ํ›„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:50
from this treatment.
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12:52
And if that's the case, that could give us hope
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:55
that what I showed you works in mice
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์ฅ์—์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋„ ํ•ด๋‹น๋œ๋‹ค๋Š”
12:57
might also work in humans.
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ํฌ๋ง์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
Now, I don't think we will live forever.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜์›ํžˆ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
But maybe we discovered
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์•„๋งˆ ์ Š์Œ์˜ ์ƒ˜์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
13:06
that the Fountain of Youth is actually within us,
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13:09
and it has just dried out.
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์ƒ˜์ด ๋ง๋ž๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
And if we can turn it back on a little bit,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ๋” ๋’ค๋กœ ๋Œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด
13:14
maybe we can find the factors that are mediating these effects,
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
13:19
we can produce these factors synthetically
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์ด ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•ด์„œ
13:21
and we can treat diseases of aging, such as Alzheimer's disease
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์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์ด๋‚˜ ์น˜๋งค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋…ธํ™” ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
or other dementias.
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13:27
Thank you very much.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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