Wolfgang Kessling: How to air-condition outdoor spaces

Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha

翻译人员: Yuguo Zhang 校对人员: Yilun Zhou

Good evening.

晚上好

We are in this wonderful

我们现在在这个很棒

open-air amphitheater

露天的圆形剧场

and we are enjoying ourselves

而且我们在这个舒服的夜晚

in that mild evening

非常享受

temperature tonight,

今晚的温度

but when Qatar will host

不过当卡塔尔在十年后

the football World Cup

举办足球世界杯

10 years from now,

的时候，

2022,

也就是2022年，

we already heard it will be

我们已经听说这将会是

in the hot, very hot and sunny

在非常晴朗和炎热的

summer months of June and July.

在夏季的六月和七月。

And when Qatar has been assigned

而且当卡塔尔得到举办

to the World Cup all, many

世界杯资格的时候,很多

people around the world have been

世界各地的人都在思考

wondering, how would it be

这些足球运动员怎么可能

possible that football players

展现给我们

show spectacular football,

精彩的比赛，

run around in this desert

如果说他们在这种沙漠一样热

climate? How would it be

的温度中奔跑?观众们又怎么可能

possible that spectators sit,

干坐着并且

enjoy themselves in open-air

在这么热的露天体育场

stadia in this hot environment?

中欣赏比赛呢?

Together with the architects of

这些所有问题都在由

Albert Speer & Partner, our engineers

Albert Speer & Partner公司，还有

from Transsolar have been

从Transsolar的工程师尝试

supporting, have been developing

解决,他们正在试图

open-air stadia based on 100 percent

制造一个100%

solar power, on 100 percent solar cooling.

靠太阳能的冷却系统。

Let me tell you about that,

我准备谈谈这个话题，

but let me start with comfort.

不过我先从舒适方面来说。

Let me start with the aspect

我从舒适方面来说，

of comfort, because many people

因为很多人

are confusing

把外界环境

ambient temperature

和热舒适

with thermal comfort.

混淆在一起了。

We are used to looking at charts like

我们已经适应读这样的表格,

that, and you see this red line

你可以看到这条红线

showing the air temperature

表明空气温度

in June and July, and yes, that's right,

在六,七月的情况,没错,

it's picking up to 45 degrees C.

都快到45摄氏度了。

It's actually very hot.

其实是非常热的。

But air temperature is not

不过空气温度却不热，

the full set of climatic

包括所有这些决定舒适

parameters which define comfort.

的气候常数。

Let me show you analysis

让我给你看看我的一个同事

a colleague of mine did looking

做的分析,这个分析

on different football, World Cups,

包含了各种足球,世界杯,

Olympic Games around the world,

还有奥运会的比赛

looking on the comfort

它关注并且分析

and analyzing the comfort

人们在不同的体育项目

people have perceived at these

上所能感受到的

different sport activities,

舒适的程度，

and let me start with Mexico.

让我从墨西哥开始吧。

Mexico temperature has been, air

墨西哥的空气温度

temperature has been something between

一般都是15-30摄氏度

15, up to 30 degrees C, and people

而且人们非常

enjoyed themselves.

享受这个温度

It was a very comfortable game

这场比赛在墨西哥的比赛非常

in Mexico City. Have a look.

舒服.你们看看吧

Orlando, same kind of stadium,

在奥兰多呢,一样的露天体育场

open-air stadium. People have

人们在强烈的太阳下

been sitting in the strong sun,

已经高湿度的环境里

in the very high humidity

坐着

in the afternoon, and they

在下午时,他们并没有

did not enjoy. It was not comfortable.

享受这种比赛.感觉一点儿都不舒服

The air temperature was not too high, but it was not

空气温度十分的高,不过在这些比赛

comfortable during these games.

就不是非常地舒服

What about Seoul? Seoul, because

那么首尔呢?

of broadcast rights, all the

由于广播权利要求,所有首尔

games have been in the late

的比赛都是在下午

afternoon. Sun has already been

举行的.太阳基本都下山了

set, so the games have been

因此呢这些比赛都

perceived as comfortable.

还是比较舒服的

What about Athens? Mediterranean

那么雅典呢?它是地中海气候

climate, but in the sun it was

不过在太阳下并不是

not comfortable. They didn't perceive comfort.

很舒服.他们没感觉到舒适

And we know that from Spain,

而且我们从西班牙的经验就可以得到

we know that "sol y sombra."

我们知道"sol y sombra"的酒

If you have a ticket, and you

如果你有张票,而且你的座位

get a ticket for the shade,

还在阴影底下

you pay more, because you're

你就得多交钱,因为你在一个更

in a more comfortable environment.

舒服的环境下

What about Beijing?

那北京呢?

It's again, sun in the day

一样,天空中的太阳

and high humidity,

以及高湿度的环境

and it was not comfortable.

并不是很舒服

So if I overlay, and if you

因此呢如果我们总结下

overlay all these comfort

这些舒适度的分析

envelopes, what we see is,

我们可以看到所有这些地方的

in all these places, air temperature has

空气温度都在25-35度

been ranging something from 25

之间

to 35, and if you go on

如果你继续看的话

the line, 30, of 30 degrees C

那条30度的线就是

ambient temperatures. If you

外界温度.你再看

go along that line you see

那条线就会发现

there has been all kind of

各种各样的舒适度

comfort, all kinds of perceived

都有,各种的户外舒适

outdoor comfort, ranging from

从非常

very comfortable

舒服到非常

to very uncomfortable.

不舒服

So why is that?

那又是为什么呢?

This is because there are

因为影响热量舒适度

more parameters influencing

的常数其实有

our thermal comfort, which is

很多,比如说太阳

the sun, the direct sun,

直接太阳照射

the diffuse sun, which is wind,

太阳散射,或者风，

strong wind, mild wind, which is

强风,弱风,还有

air humidity, which is

空气湿度,最后就是

the radiant temperature of the

周围环境的

surroundings where we are in.

辐射温度

And this is air temperature.

这就是空气温度

All these parameters go into

所有这些常数都对

the comfort feeling of our

我们人类身体

human body, and scientists

的舒适度有影响,科学家

have developed a parameter,

探索出来一种常数

which is the perceived

从而可以界定

temperature, where all these

温度,通过用所有

parameters go in and help

常数进行分析最后帮助

designers to understand

分析者了解

which is the driving parameter

哪一个决定我

that I feel comfort or that

舒服还是不舒服

I don't feel comfort.

最重要的常数

Which is the driving parameter

这样就得到了关键常数

which gives me a perceived

从而给我们一个界定

temperature? And these parameters,

温度.而这些常数呢,

these climatic parameters are

这些气候常数

related to the human metabolism.

是跟我们新陈代谢有关的

Because of our metabolism,

因为我们的新陈代谢

we as human beings,

我们作为人类

we produce heat.

我们产生热量

I'm excited, I'm talking to you,

现在我跟你说话我就很激动

I'm probably producing

我肯定在

150 watts

以150瓦功率

at the moment. You are sitting,

发热.你们都坐着呢,

you are relaxed, you're looking

你们很放松,你们都看着我

at me. It's probably 100

所以每个人差不多

watts each person is producing,

也就以100瓦的功率发热

and we need to get rid of that

不过我们需要摆脱那部分

energy. I need, with my body,

能量.我需要我的身体去

to get rid of the energy, and

摆脱这样的能量,

the harder it is for myself,

这样做越难的话

for my body, to get rid of the

我就会觉得

energy, the less comfort I feel.

越不舒服

That's it. And if I don't

就是这么简单.如果

get rid of the energy,

我无法摆脱的话

I will die.

我就死掉了

If we overlay what happens

如果我们总结下在足球

during the football World Cup,

世界杯六,七月

what will happen in June, July,

会发生的什么的话,

we will see, yes, air

我们就会发现,没错

temperature will be much higher,

温度就会变得更高,

but because the games and

因为比赛和训练

the plays will be in the afternoon,

都会在下午

it's probably the same comfort

所以呢舒适度

rating we've found in other

就会跟其他那些

places which has perceived

被鉴定为不舒服的地方

as non-comfortable.

差不多

So we sat together with a team

因此我们作为一个团队在一起

which prepared the Bid Book, or goal,

这样就为我们的目标做准备

that we said, let's aim

我们的目标就是

for perceived temperature,

感受温度

for outdoor comfort in this range,

对于室外舒适度在32

which is perceived with a

摄氏度下的

temperature of 32 degrees

联系

Celsius perceived temperature,

32摄氏度其实

which is extremely comfortable.

是非常舒服的

People would feel really fine

人们会在室外的环境

in an open outdoor environment.

中感觉很好

But what does it mean?

不过这又意味这什么呢？

If we just look on what happens,

如果我们看看发生了什么

we see, temperature's too high.

我们可以看到温度太高了

If we apply the best architectural design,

如果我们用最好的建筑设计

climate engineering design,

环境工程设计

we won't get much better.

也不会弄得多好

So we need to do something active.

因此我们需要做一些有效的事情

We need, for instance, to bring

比如说我们需要

in radiant cooling technology,

用到外围冷却技术

and we need to combine this

我们需要将这个技术

with so-called soft conditioning.

与所谓的温和冷却结合起来

And how does it look like in a stadium?

不过这在体育馆看起来会是什么样呢?

So the stadium has a few

体育场中会有一些

elements which create that

能产生室外舒适的

outdoor comfort. First of all,

因素.第一呢,

it's shading. It needs

就是荫庇处,它可以

to protect where the people

保护坐的人

are sitting against strong

不受到强和热的风

and warm wind.

干扰

But that's not all what we need

不过那还不够

to do. We need to use

我们还要用

active systems.

动力系统

Instead of blowing a hurricane

与其在体育场里吹

of chilled air through the stadium,

非常冷的飓风

we can use radiant

我们可以使用外围

cooling technologies, like a

冷却系统,就跟

floor heating system where water

一个地面加热系统一样

pipes are embedded in the floor.

所有水管都是在地面上嵌进去的

And just by using cold water

直接通过使用冷水

going through the water pipes,

流过这些管子

you can release the heat

你就可以释放出来你当天

which is absorbed during the day

吸收的热量

in the stadium, so you can

在体育场呢,你就可以

create that comfort, and then by

感受到那种舒适度

adding dry air instead of

然后通过不加底流的冷空气

down-chilled air, the spectators

而加干燥空气,公众和这些

and the football players can

橄榄球运动员就可以

adjust to their individual

对于他们自己的舒适度

comfort needs, to their

进行调整,

individual energy balance.

以及他们的能量平衡

They can adjust and find

他们可以调整然后

their comfort they need to find.

找到他们需要的舒适

There are 12 stadia probably

到时候估计一共有12个体育场

to come, but there are

不过训练的场地有

32 training pitches where

32个,这些都是给

all the individual countries

每个参赛国家

are going to train.

而准备的

We applied the same concept:

我们可以使用一样的主意

shading of the training pitch,

训练场的荫庇

using a shelter against wind,

使用挡风板

then using the grass.

然后铺上草坪

Natural-watered lawn is a

自然生长的草坪是一个

very good cooling source

很好的冷却资源

stabilizing temperature,

可以稳定温度

and using dehumidified air to

并且使用干燥空气去

create comfort.

创造舒适

But even the best passive design

但是最好的被动设计

wouldn't help.

却是没有用的

We need active system.

我们需要主动的动力系统

And how do we do that?

那么我们怎么做呢？

Our idea for the bid was

我们的想法是

100 percent solar cooling,

100%的太阳能冷却

based on the idea that we use

这是通过体育馆对屋顶

the roof of the stadia,

的分析而得出的结论

we cover the roofs of the stadia

我们可以占满体育馆的屋顶

with PV systems.

去放上PV系统

We don't borrow any energy

我们不用其他历史上的

from history.

任何能量

We are not using fossil energies.

我们不使用化石能源

We are not borrowing energy

也不从周围

from our neighbors.

借能源

We're using energy we can harvest

我们在使用可以在屋顶产生

on our roofs, and also on the

的能量

training pitches, which will be

当然还有在训练场上的,

covered with large, flexible

到时将会被大的和灵活性好

membranes, and we will see

的膜罩住.我们在下来几年

in the next years an industry

在工业中将会看到

coming up with flexible

一种灵活性好的

photovoltaics, giving

光电电流的产生,

the possibilities of shading

这样就可以荫庇那些太阳

against strong sun and producing

很烈的地方并且产生

electric energy in the same time.

电能

And this energy now is

现在这种能量

harvested throughout the year,

正在发展之中

sent into the grid,

这些能量

is replacing fossils

在电网中取代了

in the grid, and when I need it

化石能源,而当我需要它用来冷却

for the cooling, I take it

的时候,我就从电网中

back from the grid and I

拿出来然后

use the solar energy

使用在电网上

which I have brought to the grid

已经有的太阳能

back when I need

这样就有个我们需要的

it for the solar cooling.

太阳能冷却

And I can do that in the first

这样第一年我可以就这样做

year and I can balance that

后面10年中我可以将他们

in the next 10, and the next

都平衡下来,在下来20年

20 years, this energy,

这种能源

which is necessary to condition

就对于在卡塔尔的世界杯

a World Cup in Qatar,

很重要了

the next 20 years, this energy

接下来的20年,这种能源

goes into the grid of Qatar.

就会进入卡塔尔的电网

So this -- (Applause)

所以呢这个--(鼓掌)

Thank you very much. (Applause)

非常感谢--（鼓掌）

This is not only useful

这样不光对体育场有用

for stadia. We can use that also

我们可以用在

in open-air places and streets,

露天的地方和街道上

and we've been working on

我们一直在为"未来城市"

the City of the Future

工作

in Masdar, which is in the

在马斯达尔,就在阿联酋的

United Emirates, Abu Dhabi.

阿比扎比

And I had the pleasure to work

而且我非常高兴我在

on the central plaza.

中心的广场工作

And the same idea to use there,

这个同样的去制造

to create outdoor conditions

室外舒适的主意

which are perceived

就是我们认为

as comfortable. People enjoy

的舒适.人们非常享受

going there instead of going

去那里,而不是去一个

into a shopping mall, which is

购物广场,

chilled down and which is

因为一个是凉爽的一个

cooled. We wanted to create

是冷的.我们想要制造

an outdoor space

一个十分舒适

which is so comfortable that

以至于人们每个下午

people can go there in the

都可以去那里

early afternoon, even in these

甚至在晴朗的夏季

sunny and hot summer months,

他们也能到

and they can enjoy and meet there

在那里享受的与他们的

with their families. (Applause)

家庭见面的地方 （掌声）

And the same concept:

同样的理念:

shade against the sun,

遮挡太阳的荫庇

shade against the wind,

遮挡强风的挡板

and use, use and take advantage

然后利用你能使用的

of the sun you can harvest

太阳的

on your footprint.

能源

And these beautiful umbrellas.

还有这些美丽的雨伞

So I'd like to encourage you

因此我鼓励你们

to pay attention to your

去对你们

thermal comfort, to your

的热量舒适度有所注意

thermal environment,

以及热量环境

tonight and tomorrow,

今晚和明天

and if you'd like to learn more

如果你还想

about that, I invite you

多看看呢,我建议

to go to our website.

去看一下我们的网站

We uploaded a very simple

我下载了一个十分

perceived temperature calculator

简单的温度计算器

where you can check out

这样你可以查看下

about your outdoor comfort.

你的外界舒适的情况

And I also hope that you

而且我还希望你们

share the idea that

都知道如果

if engineers and designers

工程师和设计师

can use all these different

都能使用这样不同

climatic parameters,

的气候常数的话,

it will be possible to create

在室外制造一个

really good and comfortable

很好很舒适的环境

outdoor conditions,

就很有可能了

to change our thermal perception

可以改变热量

that we feel comfortable

从而我们在外界感觉

in an outdoor environment,

更舒服

and we can do that

我们可以使用

with the best passive design,

最好的被动设计来做

but also using the energy source

但同时又使用

of the site in Qatar which is

在卡塔尔的能源---

the sun.

太阳

(Applause)

(鼓掌)

Thank you very much. (Applause)

非常感谢.(鼓掌)

Shukran. (Applause)

谢谢.(鼓掌)