Wolfgang Kessling: How to air-condition outdoor spaces

Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha

譯者: Chen-Han Hsiao 審譯者: Yuguo Zhang

Good evening.

各位晚上好

We are in this wonderful

我們現在在這很棒的

open-air amphitheater

開放露天廣場

and we are enjoying ourselves

我們在這樣

in that mild evening

舒適溫度的夜晚

temperature tonight,

玩的很開心

but when Qatar will host

但是當10年後

the football World Cup

2022年

10 years from now,

卡塔爾主辦

2022,

世界盃足球賽

we already heard it will be

我們已經知道

in the hot, very hot and sunny

那會是個很熱很熱 充滿陽光

summer months of June and July.

6, 7月的夏季

And when Qatar has been assigned

當卡達被指定為

to the World Cup all, many

主辦世界盃足球賽的時候

people around the world have been

全世界很多人都在想

wondering, how would it be

屆時

possible that football players

足球員是否可能

show spectacular football,

得在像沙漠般氣候的天候

run around in this desert

展現他們的球技

climate? How would it be

屆時

possible that spectators sit,

觀賽者是否可能

enjoy themselves in open-air

得在這樣熱的環境

stadia in this hot environment?

坐在開放式球場看球

Together with the architects of

我們來自Transsolar 的工程師

Albert Speer & Partner, our engineers

與Albert Speer & Partner的建築師

from Transsolar have been

一同合作

supporting, have been developing

已經提供支援 並開發了

open-air stadia based on 100 percent

完全由太陽能提供完整的太陽能冷氣系統

solar power, on 100 percent solar cooling.

於開放式的球場

Let me tell you about that,

讓我來談談這個

but let me start with comfort.

從舒適這點

Let me start with the aspect

讓我從舒適這點談起

of comfort, because many people

很多人

are confusing

混淆了

ambient temperature

環境溫度

with thermal comfort.

與熱舒適性

We are used to looking at charts like

我們通常以這樣的圖表來比對

that, and you see this red line

你可以看到紅色的線

showing the air temperature

表示了氣溫

in June and July, and yes, that's right,

在6, 7月的時候

it's picking up to 45 degrees C.

氣溫來到了攝氏45度

It's actually very hot.

這實際上很熱

But air temperature is not

但氣溫

the full set of climatic

不能用來完整的定義

parameters which define comfort.

舒適氣候

Let me show you analysis

我為你們提供一些分折

a colleague of mine did looking

我和一些夥伴

on different football, World Cups,

探究了一些全世界不同的

Olympic Games around the world,

世界盃、奧運足球場

looking on the comfort

細究舒適程度

and analyzing the comfort

並分析人們觀賞這些

people have perceived at these

不同運動賽事

different sport activities,

的舒適程度

and let me start with Mexico.

讓我從墨西哥開始

Mexico temperature has been, air

墨西哥的溫度

temperature has been something between

氣溫大約是介於

15, up to 30 degrees C, and people

攝氏15到30度

enjoyed themselves.

人們感到很自在

It was a very comfortable game

在墨西哥，那是很令人舒適的比賽

in Mexico City. Have a look.

接著看奧蘭多

Orlando, same kind of stadium,

相同類型的球場

open-air stadium. People have

開放式球場

been sitting in the strong sun,

人們坐在烈陽下

in the very high humidity

下午伴隨著高濕度

in the afternoon, and they

他們不是很享受

did not enjoy. It was not comfortable.

不太舒服

The air temperature was not too high, but it was not

氣溫並不太高

comfortable during these games.

但是在球賽中並不舒適

What about Seoul? Seoul, because

那麼首爾呢

of broadcast rights, all the

由於轉播權

games have been in the late

所有的比賽都在傍晚進行

afternoon. Sun has already been

太陽已經下山

set, so the games have been

所以人們可以舒適的

perceived as comfortable.

觀賞球賽

What about Athens? Mediterranean

那麼雅典呢

climate, but in the sun it was

地中海型氣候

not comfortable. They didn't perceive comfort.

但在太陽下不舒適，不能夠舒服的觀賞

And we know that from Spain,

而西班牙

we know that "sol y sombra."

我們知道 sol y sombra(一種西班牙的酒)

If you have a ticket, and you

如果你有一張票

get a ticket for the shade,

而且是一張在蔭涼處的票

you pay more, because you're

你必須付更多錢

in a more comfortable environment.

因為你可以待在一個舒適的環境

What about Beijing?

而北京呢

It's again, sun in the day

同樣的 烈陽當空

and high humidity,

伴隨著高濕度

and it was not comfortable.

不是很舒適

So if I overlay, and if you

我把這些疊在一起

overlay all these comfort

當這些舒度區塊疊在一起時

envelopes, what we see is,

我們看到的是

in all these places, air temperature has

在所有的這些地方

been ranging something from 25

氣溫從大約25度

to 35, and if you go on

到35度

the line, 30, of 30 degrees C

如果你在攝氏30度劃一條線

ambient temperatures. If you

30度的環境氣溫

go along that line you see

延著這條線

there has been all kind of

你可以看到

comfort, all kinds of perceived

所有戶外觀賞的類型

outdoor comfort, ranging from

包含了

very comfortable

非常舒適

to very uncomfortable.

到非常不舒適

So why is that?

怎麼會這樣呢

This is because there are

這是因為

more parameters influencing

有更多的變數影響了

our thermal comfort, which is

我們的熱舒適性

the sun, the direct sun,

包含了陽光、直射陽光

the diffuse sun, which is wind,

漫射陽光、風

strong wind, mild wind, which is

強風、涼風

air humidity, which is

空氣濕度

the radiant temperature of the

還有在我們環境週遭的

surroundings where we are in.

輻射熱

And this is air temperature.

然後還有氣溫

All these parameters go into

所有這些變數都對我們人體

the comfort feeling of our

的舒適感

human body, and scientists

造成影響

have developed a parameter,

科學家已經發展出一種參數

which is the perceived

也就是感知溫度

temperature, where all these

所有這些

parameters go in and help

變數集合起來

designers to understand

並幫助設計者了解

which is the driving parameter

什麼樣的因素影響

that I feel comfort or that

使我感到舒適

I don't feel comfort.

或使我感到不舒適

Which is the driving parameter

什麼樣的因素

which gives me a perceived

影響了我的感知溫度

temperature? And these parameters,

而這些變數

these climatic parameters are

這些氣候變數

related to the human metabolism.

與人們的代謝有關

Because of our metabolism,

因為代謝

we as human beings,

我們人類

we produce heat.

會產生熱

I'm excited, I'm talking to you,

我正激動，我正在演講

I'm probably producing

此刻 我也許產生了

150 watts

150瓦

at the moment. You are sitting,

你們正坐著

you are relaxed, you're looking

你們很放鬆 你們正看著我

at me. It's probably 100

你們每個人也許產生了

watts each person is producing,

100瓦

and we need to get rid of that

而我們必須排出這些熱能

energy. I need, with my body,

我必須使我的身體

to get rid of the energy, and

排除掉這些熱能

the harder it is for myself,

如果從我的身體

for my body, to get rid of the

排除這些熱能越困難

energy, the less comfort I feel.

那我就會覺得越不舒服

That's it. And if I don't

這就是了

get rid of the energy,

如果我不能排出這些熱能

I will die.

我就會死

If we overlay what happens

如果我們加入

during the football World Cup,

於6, 7月所舉行的

what will happen in June, July,

世界盃足球賽可能會發生的情況

we will see, yes, air

我們可以看到

temperature will be much higher,

氣溫將會更高

but because the games and

但由於比賽、競技

the plays will be in the afternoon,

是在下午舉行

it's probably the same comfort

相比於我們在其它地方

rating we've found in other

所觀察到的不舒適

places which has perceived

這也許會是

as non-comfortable.

一樣的

So we sat together with a team

我們與一個準備標案的團隊

which prepared the Bid Book, or goal,

一起坐著

that we said, let's aim

我們訂定目標

for perceived temperature,

重點放在感知溫度

for outdoor comfort in this range,

重點放在這個區間的戶外舒適

which is perceived with a

也就是

temperature of 32 degrees

攝氏32度

Celsius perceived temperature,

的感知溫度

which is extremely comfortable.

這是非常舒適的

People would feel really fine

人們在開放的戶外環境

in an open outdoor environment.

會覺得相當舒適

But what does it mean?

但這代表了什麼呢

If we just look on what happens,

如果我們看看即將發生的

we see, temperature's too high.

我們發現 氣溫太高了

If we apply the best architectural design,

即使我們發揮最好的建築設計

climate engineering design,

及氣候工程設計

we won't get much better.

我們仍然不能得到更好的結果

So we need to do something active.

我們必須主動的做些什麼

We need, for instance, to bring

我們必須 例如說

in radiant cooling technology,

引進輻射冷卻技術

and we need to combine this

我們必須結合這個

with so-called soft conditioning.

稱為軟空調

And how does it look like in a stadium?

那麼 在球場裡看來會是怎麼樣

So the stadium has a few

球場有一些

elements which create that

能產生戶外舒適的元素

outdoor comfort. First of all,

首先

it's shading. It needs

它是有遮蔽的

to protect where the people

它必須保護人們

are sitting against strong

坐在可以抵擋

and warm wind.

強風和暖風的地方

But that's not all what we need

但這不是我們所有得做的

to do. We need to use

我們必須使用

active systems.

主動系統

Instead of blowing a hurricane

相反於在球場中

of chilled air through the stadium,

吹出冰冷的暴風

we can use radiant

我們使用了

cooling technologies, like a

輻射熱冷卻技術

floor heating system where water

如同嵌在地板中的

pipes are embedded in the floor.

地板加熱系統

And just by using cold water

只是改為使用冷水

going through the water pipes,

來流過水管

you can release the heat

你便可以釋放

which is absorbed during the day

於球場在白天所吸收的熱能

in the stadium, so you can

所以

create that comfort, and then by

你可以創造這樣的舒適感

adding dry air instead of

再加上 引進乾空氣

down-chilled air, the spectators

而不是向下吹的冷空調

and the football players can

觀賽者和足球員

adjust to their individual

便可以調整他們各別的

comfort needs, to their

舒適需求

individual energy balance.

來達成各別的熱能平衡

They can adjust and find

他們可以調整

their comfort they need to find.

並找到他們所需要的舒適感

There are 12 stadia probably

之後大約會有12個球場

to come, but there are

但是

32 training pitches where

有32個訓練球場

all the individual countries

讓各個國家隊

are going to train.

進行訓練

We applied the same concept:

我們套用了相同的概念

shading of the training pitch,

在訓練球場中

using a shelter against wind,

使用遮蔽來擋風

then using the grass.

並使用這些草

Natural-watered lawn is a

自然灌溉的草坪

very good cooling source

是穩定氣溫

stabilizing temperature,

相當好的冷卻來源

and using dehumidified air to

我們 再使用乾燥的空氣

create comfort.

來產生舒適感

But even the best passive design

但即使是最好的被動設計

wouldn't help.

也無法解決

We need active system.

我們需要主動系統

And how do we do that?

我們要怎麼做呢

Our idea for the bid was

我們在這個案子的想法是

100 percent solar cooling,

百分之百的太陽能冷卻

based on the idea that we use

基於這樣的想法

the roof of the stadia,

我們使用球場的屋頂

we cover the roofs of the stadia

我們使用光電系統

with PV systems.

包覆了球場的屋頂

We don't borrow any energy

我們不需要借用

from history.

任何傳統能源

We are not using fossil energies.

我們不需要使用化石燃料能源

We are not borrowing energy

我們不需要向我們的鄰居

from our neighbors.

借用能源

We're using energy we can harvest

我們使用的能源

on our roofs, and also on the

我們可以從我們的屋頂獲得

training pitches, which will be

在訓練球場中

covered with large, flexible

覆蓋上大且可調整的膜

membranes, and we will see

我們將在未來幾年

in the next years an industry

看到工業生產

coming up with flexible

可調整的

photovoltaics, giving

太陽光電

the possibilities of shading

給予抵擋烈陽的遮蔽

against strong sun and producing

並在同一時間

electric energy in the same time.

產生電能

And this energy now is

這樣的能源

harvested throughout the year,

現在可以全年提供

sent into the grid,

可以送到電網中

is replacing fossils

取代了化石燃料能源

in the grid, and when I need it

當我需要它來提供冷卻時

for the cooling, I take it

我從電網中

back from the grid and I

拿回來

use the solar energy

當我需要太陽能冷卻技術時

which I have brought to the grid

我使用的是

back when I need

我引進電網中

it for the solar cooling.

的太陽能源

And I can do that in the first

我在第一年可以使用它

year and I can balance that

而我一樣可以在接下來

in the next 10, and the next

10年 20年

20 years, this energy,

達到平衡

which is necessary to condition

這能源提供了

a World Cup in Qatar,

卡達世界盃的空調

the next 20 years, this energy

接下來20年

goes into the grid of Qatar.

這能源進入卡達的電網

So this -- (Applause)

所以 (掌聲)

Thank you very much. (Applause)

非常感謝你們 (掌聲)

This is not only useful

這不僅可以用在球場

for stadia. We can use that also

我們也可以用它於

in open-air places and streets,

開放式空間和街道

and we've been working on

我們正在努力於

the City of the Future

未來的城市

in Masdar, which is in the

馬斯達爾城中

United Emirates, Abu Dhabi.

這在 阿拉伯聯合酋長國 阿布扎比

And I had the pleasure to work

我很榮幸可以

on the central plaza.

在中央廣場工作

And the same idea to use there,

同樣的想法也套用在那裡

to create outdoor conditions

來創造戶外空調

which are perceived

使感知是舒服的

as comfortable. People enjoy

人們很享受到這個地方

going there instead of going

而不是

into a shopping mall, which is

走進一個冷氣直往下吹

chilled down and which is

非常冷

cooled. We wanted to create

的購物廣場

an outdoor space

我們想要創造一種

which is so comfortable that

舒適的戶外空間

people can go there in the

人們可以在午後走進

early afternoon, even in these

甚至

sunny and hot summer months,

是在充滿陽光而炎熱的夏天

and they can enjoy and meet there

他們可以盡情享受

with their families. (Applause)

並與他們的家人相聚 (掌聲)

And the same concept:

同樣的概念

shade against the sun,

陽光下的遮蔽

shade against the wind,

擋風的遮蔽

and use, use and take advantage

在這些美麗的雨傘下

of the sun you can harvest

我們獲取 並使用

on your footprint.

這些來自太陽的能源

And these beautiful umbrellas.

從中獲得好處

So I'd like to encourage you

我想鼓勵你們

to pay attention to your

在今晚和明天

thermal comfort, to your

去注意你的

thermal environment,

熱舒適性

tonight and tomorrow,

及熱舒適環境

and if you'd like to learn more

如果你想了解的更多

about that, I invite you

我邀請你

to go to our website.

來我們的網站

We uploaded a very simple

我們上傳了一個很簡單的

perceived temperature calculator

感知氣溫計算機

where you can check out

你可以檢查

about your outdoor comfort.

你的戶外舒適度

And I also hope that you

我也希望你

share the idea that

把這個概念

if engineers and designers

分享給工程師與設計師

can use all these different

讓他們可以使用這些

climatic parameters,

環境變數

it will be possible to create

那我們就可以創造

really good and comfortable

真正好且舒適的

outdoor conditions,

戶外環境

to change our thermal perception

並改變我們對熱的感知

that we feel comfortable

使我們在戶外環境

in an outdoor environment,

感到舒適

and we can do that

我們可以用

with the best passive design,

最好的被動設計

but also using the energy source

並且 加上如同卡塔爾

of the site in Qatar which is

來自太陽

the sun.

的能量來源

(Applause)

(掌聲)

Thank you very much. (Applause)

非常感謝你們 (掌聲)

Shukran. (Applause)

謝謝 (掌聲)